https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=GertEnglish Grammar - User contributions [en]2026-04-21T10:36:43ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.8https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5756Practical Grammar 92026-02-11T12:04:28Z<p>Gert: </p>
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== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.docx on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
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[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_8&diff=5755Practical Grammar 82026-02-11T11:52:29Z<p>Gert: /* The Semantics of PPs expressing locations */</p>
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So far, the arguments of verbs have all been noun phrases (= NPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).<br />
<br />
== Prepositional Phrases ==<br />
<br />
We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) The cat sat under the table.<br><br />
(2) Robin put food on the table.<br />
<br />
To achieve this, we need <br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and an NP<br />
# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.<br />
<br />
=== The Syntax of PPs ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:<br />
<br />
A. The internal structure of the PP<br />
<br />
a. the P is the head of the PP<br><br />
b. the NP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ <br />
<br />
B. The external relationships of the PP<br />
<br />
a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a NP, and a PP.<br><br />
b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.<br />
<br />
=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':<br />
<br />
a. the meaning of the NP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br><br />
b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br> <br />
c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br><br />
d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br><br />
e. the NP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.<br />
<br />
'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file <br />
Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf<br />
which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar-8<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 7''' '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5754Practical Grammar 62026-02-11T11:50:24Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.5 Nominative and accusative */</p>
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== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears V<br />
[PRED:'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ:[...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PER:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' '''Week 7''' [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_8&diff=5753Practical Grammar 82026-02-11T11:49:24Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
So far, the arguments of verbs have all been noun phrases (= NPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).<br />
<br />
== Prepositional Phrases ==<br />
<br />
We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) The cat sat under the table.<br><br />
(2) Robin put food on the table.<br />
<br />
To achieve this, we need <br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and an NP<br />
# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.<br />
<br />
=== The Syntax of PPs ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:<br />
<br />
A. The internal structure of the PP<br />
<br />
a. the P is the head of the PP<br><br />
b. the NP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ <br />
<br />
B. The external relationships of the PP<br />
<br />
a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a NP, and a PP.<br><br />
b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.<br />
<br />
=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':<br />
<br />
a. the meaning of the NP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br><br />
b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br> <br />
c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br><br />
d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br><br />
e. the NP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.<br />
<br />
'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file <br />
Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf<br />
which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar-8<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5752Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:39:08Z<p>Gert: /* Complement Clauses */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5751Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:38:33Z<p>Gert: /* Complement Clauses */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5750Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:38:11Z<p>Gert: /* Complement Clauses */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br />
(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br><br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5749Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:37:06Z<p>Gert: /* Complement Clauses */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5748Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:28:54Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred enquired that Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5747Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:27:31Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:<br />
<br />
(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(4) *Fred enquired that Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but<br />
the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5746Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:06:45Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The lower S is the head of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5745Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T10:06:07Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.<br />
# The lower S is the head of the upper S.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar 9<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5744Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T09:03:41Z<p>Gert: /* Complement Clauses */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:<br />
<br />
(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br><br />
(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared<br />
<br />
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need<br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''<br />
# two new phrase structure rules.<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions:<br />
<br />
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). <br />
# Complementizers head CPs.<br />
# CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the CP.<br />
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and a CP. The CP bears the GF '''COMP'''.<br />
# Complementizers have no PRED value.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar 9<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9&diff=5743Practical Grammar 92026-02-04T08:51:57Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Complement Clauses ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
<br />
<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_9-Raising-Control&diff=5742Practical Grammar 9-Raising-Control2026-02-04T08:51:13Z<p>Gert: Created page with "<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="3"> == Functional Control == <!-- * Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>. * Create a new project and copy your previous grammar into your new project. * On the basis of pages 102-108 in the textbook, make all the additions to the grammar that are necessary to yield the following o (1) Ingrid tried to buy olives 500px &nbsp;..."</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Functional Control ==<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
* Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>.<br />
* Create a new project and copy your previous grammar into your new project. <br />
* On the basis of pages 102-108 in the textbook, make all the additions to the grammar that are necessary to yield the following o<br />
<br />
(1) Ingrid tried to buy olives<br />
<br />
[[File:Ingrid-tried-to-buy-olives-cs.JPG | 500px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
[[File:Ingrid-tried-to-buy-olives-fs.JPG | 500px]]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Make sure that your grammar makes the correct predictions for the sentence below:<br />
<br />
(2) Ingrid buys olives <br><br />
(3) *Ingrid tried buys olives<br />
--><br />
<br />
In this unit, we will extend the grammar to license sentences with verbs like 'try' and 'seems' which have interesting properties. <br />
<br />
==''try (Control verb)''==<br />
<br />
Notation:<br />
<br />
In the exercises of this unit, we will have to implement '''Control''': this means that a GF of the higher verb and the SUBJ of the higher verb's XCOMP are identical.<br />
<br />
In XLFG, this is written as follows:<br />
<br />
* (↑SUBJ) = (↑XCOMP SUBJ); means: the SUBJ of the higher verb and the XCOMP's SUBJ are identical.<br />
* (↑OBJ) = (↑XCOMP SUBJ); means: the OBJ of the higher verb and the XCOMP's SUBJ are identical.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9.1 </span><br />
* Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span>.<br />
<!-- * Extend your lastest grammar or make yourself a copy of Grammar5-Ex8.2-solution. --><br />
* On the basis of pages 102-103 in the textbook, make all the additions to the grammar that are necessary to yield the following outputs for sentence (1):<br />
<br />
(1) Ingrid tried to buy olives.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ingrid-tried-to-buy-olives-cs.JPG | 500px]] <br><br />
[[File:Ingrid-tried-to-buy-olives-fs.JPG | 1000px]]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Implement the following grammatical assumptions:<br />
<br />
* 'to' (the infinitive marker): assume that it is marked [IM:+].<br />
* 'buy': [VFORM:INF]<br />
<br />
Make sure that your grammar makes the correct predictions for the sentences below:<br />
<br />
(2) Ingrid buys olives <br><br />
(3) *Ingrid tried buys olives<br />
<br />
==''seem (Raising verb)''==<br />
<br />
Notation:<br />
<br />
The verb ''seem'' differs from the verb ''try'' in that ''seem'' does not assign a semantic role to its SUBJ. This is the first time we encounter such verbs. In XLFG, GFs that the predicate does not assign a role to are written between the closing > and the final apostrophe, as follows: <br />
<br />
* PRED:'X<...><span style="color: red>Y</span>' <br />
<br />
Meaning of the line above: the GFs listed in ... are assigned semantic roles by the predicate, but the grammatical function <span style="color: red>Y</span> is not.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9.2 </span><br />
* Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span>.<br />
* Make sure that under 'Output Parameters' '''Extended Coherence test on Feature-Structures''' is set to '''Yes'''</span>.<br />
* Extend your previous grammar. <br />
<br />
* On the basis of pages 104-108 in the textbook, make all the additions to the grammar that are necessary to yield the following outputs for sentence (4):<br />
<br />
(4) Ingrid seemed to buy olives.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ingrid-seemed-to-buy-olives-cs.JPG | 500px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
[[File:Ingrid-seemed-to-buy-olives-fs.JPG | 500px]]<br />
<br />
==''persuade (Object control verb)''==<br />
<br />
''try'' and ''seem'' are subject control (raising verbs), because the controller of the lower subject is the higher '''subject'''. But, objects can control as well. One verb where that is the case is ''persuade''.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9.3 </span><br />
<br />
Make all the changes to your current grammar so that it licenses the representations below:<br />
<br />
(5) Ingrid persuaded Fred to buy olives.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ingrid-persuaded-Fred-to-buy-olives.cs.JPG | 1000px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
[[File:Ingrid-persuaded-Fred-to-buy-olives.fs.JPG | 500px]]<br />
[[File:Ingrid-persuaded-Fred-to-buy-olives-as.JPG | 500px]]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Make sure that your grammar makes the correct predictions for the sentences below:<br />
<br />
(2) Ingrid buys olives <br><br />
(3) *Ingrid persuaded Fred buys olives<br />
<br />
==''expect(Object raising verb)''==<br />
<br />
''expect'' is an object raising verb.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9.4 </span><br />
<br />
Make all the changes to your current grammar so that it licenses the representations below:<br />
<br />
(5) Ingrid expected Fred to buy olives.<br />
<br />
[[File:Ingrid-expected-Fred-to-buy-olives-cs.JPG | 1000px]] &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
[[File:Ingrid-expected-Fred-to-buy-olives-fs.JPG | 500px]]<br />
[[File:Ingrid-expected-Fred-to-buy-olives-as.JPG | 500px]]<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<font size="2"><br />
<br />
<!--<br />
Extended Coherence Condition [non-final version] (p. 138)<br />
* All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature.<br />
* All functions that have a PRED value must have a theta role.<br />
--><br />
<br />
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[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] '''Week 9''' <br />
</div><br />
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<!-- [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_7.0&diff=5741Practical Grammar 7.02026-01-28T11:13:33Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
So far, the arguments of verbs have all been determiner phrases (= DPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).<br />
<br />
== Prepositional Phrases ==<br />
<br />
We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) The cat sat under the table.<br><br />
(2) Robin put food on the table.<br />
<br />
To achieve this, we need <br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and a DP<br />
# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.<br />
<br />
=== The Syntax of PPs ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:<br />
<br />
A. The internal structure of the PP<br />
<br />
a. the P is the head of the PP<br><br />
b. the DP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ <br />
<br />
B. The external relationships of the PP<br />
<br />
a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a DP, and a PP.<br><br />
b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.<br />
<br />
=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':<br />
<br />
a. the meaning of the DP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br><br />
b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br> <br />
c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br><br />
d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br><br />
e. the DP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.<br />
<br />
'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file <br />
Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf<br />
which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar 8 - 2025-01-28<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 7''' '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_7.0&diff=5740Practical Grammar 7.02026-01-28T08:57:36Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
So far, the arguments of verbs have all been determiner phrases (= DPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).<br />
<br />
== Prepositional Phrases ==<br />
<br />
We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) The cat sat under the table.<br><br />
(2) Robin put food on the table.<br />
<br />
To achieve this, we need <br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and a DP<br />
# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.<br />
<br />
=== The Syntax of PPs ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:<br />
<br />
A. The internal structure of the PP<br />
<br />
a. the P is the head of the PP<br><br />
b. the DP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ <br />
<br />
B. The external relationships of the PP<br />
<br />
a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a DP, and a PP.<br><br />
b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.<br />
<br />
=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':<br />
<br />
a. the meaning of the DP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br><br />
b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br> <br />
c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br><br />
d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br><br />
e. the DP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.<br />
<br />
'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file <br />
Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf<br />
which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar-8<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 7''' '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_7.0&diff=5739Practical Grammar 7.02026-01-28T08:55:41Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
So far, the arguments of verbs have all been determiner phrases (= DPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).<br />
<br />
== Prepositional Phrases ==<br />
<br />
We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) The cat sat under the table.<br><br />
(2) Robin put food on the table.<br />
<br />
To achieve this, we need <br />
<br />
# lexical items for the new verbs<br />
# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and a DP<br />
# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.<br />
<br />
=== The Syntax of PPs ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:<br />
<br />
A. The internal structure of the PP<br />
<br />
a. the P is the head of the PP<br><br />
b. the DP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ <br />
<br />
B. The external relationships of the PP<br />
<br />
a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a DP, and a PP.<br><br />
b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.<br />
<br />
=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===<br />
<br />
We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':<br />
<br />
a. the meaning of the DP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br><br />
b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br> <br />
c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br><br />
d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br><br />
e. the DP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.<br />
<br />
'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file <br />
Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf<br />
which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span><br />
<br />
1. Open Grammar-8<br><br />
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br><br />
3. Parse.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_7.0&diff=5738Practical Grammar 7.02026-01-28T08:53:34Z<p>Gert: </p>
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<br><br />
<br><br />
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<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 7''' [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']]<br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5737Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T12:25:30Z<p>Gert: /* Subject-verb agreement */</p>
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<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears V<br />
[PRED:'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ:[...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PER:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5736Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T12:24:18Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears V<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PER:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5735Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T12:01:30Z<p>Gert: /* Subject-verb agreement */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears V<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5734Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T11:57:47Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.1 The past tense */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5733Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T11:11:01Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.3 The non-third person singular present tense */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) *i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5732Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T11:10:41Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.2 The 3rd person singular present tense */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) *i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5731Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T11:10:29Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.1 The past tense */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-21''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) *i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5730Practical Grammar 62026-01-21T11:10:07Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) *i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2026-01-26''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_6&diff=5729Practical Grammar 62026-01-14T11:50:51Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 6.3 The non-third person singular present tense */</p>
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== Governable grammatical functions ==<br />
<br />
In linguistics, a head '''governs''' a property of another expression if it requires this expression to have that property. Governable properties include grammatical functions, cases, and particular prepositions. <br />
<br />
In Lexical-Functional Grammar, the '''governable grammatical functions''' are those which may be listed in the PRED values of meaningful words The textbook (p. 21) gives a complete list:<br />
<br />
Governable grammatical functions: SUBJ, OBJ, OBJ-θ, OBL-θ, POSS, COMP, and XCOMP.<br />
<br />
There are other GFs, for instance TOPIC and FOCUS, but heads cannot govern those. <br />
<br />
The Greek letter θ (= theta) in the functions OBJ-θ and OBL-θ is an abbreviation. It stands for the name of a thematic role (the thematic roles are listed on p. 13 in the textbook).<br />
<br />
Here are some comments on the functions other than SUBJ and OBJ:<br />
<br />
* OBJ-THEME: the GF of the second NP object of a ditransitive verb like ''give'' (e.g. ''give Mary <u>a present</u>'')<br />
* OBL-LOC: the GF of a locative complement of a verb like ''sit'' (e.g. ''sit <u>at the window</u>'')<br />
* OBL-BEN: the GF of a benefactive PP (''bake a cake <u>for Mary</u>'')<br />
* POSS: the GF of the possessor within an NP (e.g. ''<u>my</u> book'')<br />
* COMP: the GF of a finite complement clause complement of a verb like ''say'' (e.g. ''said <u>that Mary called</u>'')<br />
* XCOMP: the GF of non-finite phrases with understood subjects (e.g. ''Lilly tried <u>to leave</u>'')<br />
<br />
== The Completeness and Coherence Conditions ==<br />
<br />
Words may specify in their lexical entries that they govern one or more GFs. These GFs are mentioned in the word's PRED value, e.g.<br />
<br />
(1) disappear: [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br><br />
(2) see: [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
This means that the verb ''disappear'' governs one GF, namely a SUBJ and the verb ''see'' governs two GFs, a SUBJ and an OBJ. As a result, these verbs must appear with exactly these GFs, neither more, nor less. This is ensured by the following two principles:<br />
<br />
'''The Completeness Condition''' (p. 21)<br />
All governable functions which are part of the value of a PRED feature must be present in the local f-structure. All functions that have a θ-role must themselves have a PRED value.<br />
<br />
This is the "nor less" part from above: the f-structure of a PRED must contain at least the GFs which it selects in its PRED value.<br />
<br />
The "neither more" part is stated in the <br />
<br />
'''Coherence Condition''' (p. 22)<br />
All governable functions present in an f-structure must occur in the value of a local PRED feature. All functions that have a PRED value must have a θ-role.<br />
<br />
So, an f-structure is '''complete''' and '''coherent''' only if there is a 1:1 relation between the GFs listed in its PRED value and the actual GFs present in the f-structure! If this is not the case, then the f-structure is ill-formed.<br />
<br />
== Governable features ==<br />
<br />
Above, it was said that not only the GFs but also other properties of its dependents can be governed by a selecting head. These include inflectional features like PER, NUM, and CASE. In other words, a head can require that its dependents have particular values for such features. In this section, we will see how this is done.<br />
<br />
=== Subject-verb agreement ===<br />
<br />
In Week 3, we already saw how features can be added to words. There we formulated lexical entries like the following:<br />
<br />
this D<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We can do the same in defining pronouns:<br />
<br />
she N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
i N<br />
[PER:1,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
it N<br />
[PER:3,<br />
NUM:sg];<br />
<br />
We now need to ensure that only expressions with features like those of ''she'' can act as subjects of a verb like ''disappears''. This is easy to accomplish: in order for ''disappears'' to impose feature values on its SUBJ, it can simply refer to the f-structure of that SUBJ, as follows:<br />
<br />
disappears D<br />
[PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
'''SUBJ &nbsp; [...]'''];<br />
<br />
The presence of a SUBJ in the verb's f-structure is guaranteed by '''Completeness''': since the verb selects a SUBJ in its PRED value, there has to be a SUBJ. And that SUBJ has its own f-structure. Any feature-value pairs in the place of the dots inside the embedded brackets above must be present in the f-structure of the SUBJ. This is an example of feature government.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.1</span> The past tense ====<br />
<br />
The past tense of verbs other than the auxiliary ''be'' are easy, since the form of the verb is the same for all six person-number combinations. The most economical treatment for this is to make words like ''disappeared'' impose no constraints on the PER and NUM values of their subject.<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open ''Grammar 6 - 2025-07-16''.<br><br />
3. Add the verb ''disappeared'' to the lexicon and make sure that it is compatible with subjects of every person and number.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
(1) she disappeared<br><br />
(2) *i disappeared<br><br />
(3) it disappeared<br><br />
<br />
6. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.2</span> The 3rd person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of ''Grammar 6 - 2025-07-16''.<br><br />
3. To the verb ''disappears'', add constraints that ensure that its SUBJ is 3rd person singular. Note that the verb in this system does NOT need to have the features PER and NUM itself! Rather, the verb form with the shape ''disappears'' requires its SUBJ to have particular values for these features and ''disappear'' requires its SUBJ to have different feature values, as we will see below.<br><br />
4. Add the following test sentences:<br><br />
<br />
(4) she disappears<br><br />
(5) *i disappears<br><br />
(6) it disappears<br><br />
<br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.3</span> The non-third person singular present tense ====<br />
<br />
The present tense verb form ''disappear'' is less convenient to handle, since it is inbetween allowing only one kind of subject or all subjects. Rather, it allows subjects of 5 out of 6 person-number combinations:<br />
<br />
(7) i disappear<br><br />
(8) you disappear<br><br />
(9) *he/she/it disappear<br><br />
(10) we disappear<br><br />
(11) you disappear<br><br />
(12) they disappear<br />
<br />
This is awkward to state in any formal grammar of English, but that is not the grammarian's fault. Languages aren't always completely regular! We use a disjunction (= an ''or''-statement) to contrain the subjects that non-3rd person singular present tense verbs permit. The symbol for ''or'' in XLFG is the stroke: "|". You can either use the keyboard to enter it, but there is also a button for it in the XLFG editor.<br />
<br />
The entry for ''disappear'' using disjunction then looks as follows:<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [PERS:1|2] ];<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, that does not capture all the possibilities of using non-third-person singular present tense verbs, since they can also be plural. So, we need a separate lexical entry for the plural ''disappear'':<br />
<br />
disappear V<br />
[PRED: 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>',<br />
TENSE: pres,<br />
SUBJ: [NUM:pl] ];<br />
<br />
This is not pretty, but does what it is supposed to do. Note that it allows this verb's SUBJ to have 5 out of the 6 possible person-number combinations. <br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://xlfg.labri.fr/</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of ''Grammar 6 - 2025-07-16''.<br><br />
3. Add the two versions of the verb ''disappear'' to the lexicon as given above<br><br />
4. Add (1)-(6) as test sentences:<br><br />
5. Parse.<br />
<br />
=== Case ===<br />
<br />
The treatment of English case is pretty straightforward. For now, we will only deal with arguments of the verb so that we have to account for nominative and accusative pronouns. We thus postulate a feature CASE with the two possible values ''nom'' and ''acc''. Some pronouns are only compatible with one of these values, but other pronouns and all non-pronominal nouns are compatible with both cases. <br />
<br />
The only minor complication arises again with non-3rd singular person verbs in the present tense. This is not a grammatical complication, but an issue of how to combine agreement with case information in the SUBJ specification of these verbs. Proceed as follows: to each of the three disjuncts in the SUBJ specification, add the correct CASE information. (So, you need to make 3 additions to the last line of the lexical entry of ''disappear'' immediately above.)<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.4</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. Where necessary, add the appropriate case information to all the nouns and verbs in your current grammmar.<br />
2. Add the following test items::<br><br />
(13) *her disappeared<br><br />
(14) lilly disappeared<br><br />
(15) *me disappeared<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
==== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 6.5</span> Nominative and accusative ====<br />
<br />
1. . Add the following test items:<br><br />
<br />
(16) lilly liked her<br><br />
(17) *lilly liked she<br><br />
(18) lilly liked it<br><br />
(19) lilly liked john<br><br />
<br />
3. Parse!<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] '''Week 6''' [[Practical_Grammar_7.0|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5728Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T11:06:22Z<p>Gert: /* Thematic Roles */</p>
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== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Thematic Roles ==<br />
<br />
So far, we have completely ignored semantics. But xlfg is capable of representing the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of predicates. The textbook contains a list of thematic roles (see the file ''Lexical-Functional Grammar - Thematic Roles 13'' on Olat!). Using these roles, the next exercise asks you to assign an argument structure to each predicate that governs grammatical functions. The notation is extremely simple: just put a period and a role name after each GF name, as follows:<br />
<br />
[PRED 'pred<GF.Role>']<br />
<br />
Here are some concrete examples:<br />
<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT, OBL.LOCATION>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.THEME>']<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of Grammar 4 - 2025-07-16<br><br />
3. Click on "Output Parameters"<br><br />
4. Under "Output for Argument-Structure:" select "Draw the Argument-Structure as an acyclic graph"<br><br />
5. Return to "Input"<br><br />
6. Assign the thematic role THEME to the SUBJ of the verb ''disappeared''.<br><br />
7. Parse and look at the output for the sentence ''John disappeared''.<br><br />
8. Study the relationship between the f-structure and the Argument Structure in the output.<br><br />
9. Now assign thematic roles to all the other governed grammatical functions in your lexicon and make sure you get the expected Argument Structure output.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5727Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T11:05:10Z<p>Gert: /* Thematic Roles */</p>
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<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
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== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Thematic Roles ==<br />
<br />
So far, we have completely ignored semantics. But xlfg is capable of representing the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of predicates. The textbook contains a list of thematic roles (see the file ''Lexical-Functional Grammar - Thematic Roles 13'' on Olat!). Using these roles, the next exercise asks you to assign an argument structure to each predicate that governs grammatical functions. The notation is extremely simple: just put a period and a role name after each GF name, as follows:<br />
<br />
[PRED 'pred<GF.Role>']<br />
<br />
Here are some concrete examples:<br />
<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT, OBL.LOCATION>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.THEME>']<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of Grammar 4 - 2025-07-16<br><br />
3. Click on "Output Parameters"<br><br />
4. Under "Output for Argument-Structure:" select "Draw the Argument-Structure as an acyclic graph"<br><br />
5. Return to "Input"<br><br />
6. Assign the thematic role THEME to the SUBJ of the verb ''disappeared''.<br><br />
7. Parse and look at the output for the sentence ''John disappeared''.<br><br />
8. Study the relationship between the f-structure and the Argument Structure in the output.<br><br />
9. Now assign thematic roles to all the other governed grammatical functions in your lexicon and make sure you get the expected Argument Structure output.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Homework</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5726Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T11:04:38Z<p>Gert: /* Thematic Roles */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Thematic Roles ==<br />
<br />
So far, we have completely ignored semantics. But xlfg is capable of representing the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of predicates. The textbook contains a list of thematic roles (see the file ''Lexical-Functional Grammar - Thematic Roles 13'' on Olat!). Using these roles, the next exercise asks you to assign an argument structure to each predicate that governs grammatical functions. The notation is extremely simple: just put a period and a role name after each GF name, as follows:<br />
<br />
[PRED 'pred<GF.Role>']<br />
<br />
Here are some concrete examples:<br />
<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT, OBL.LOCATION>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.THEME>']<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 7.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of Grammar 4 - 2025-07-16<br><br />
3. Click on "Output Parameters"<br><br />
4. Under "Output for Argument-Structure:" select "Draw the Argument-Structure as an acyclic graph"<br><br />
5. Return to "Input"<br><br />
6. Assign the thematic role THEME to the SUBJ of the verb ''disappeared''.<br><br />
7. Parse and look at the output for the sentence ''John disappeared''.<br><br />
8. Study the relationship between the f-structure and the Argument Structure in the output.<br><br />
9. Now assign thematic roles to all the other governed grammatical functions in your lexicon and make sure you get the expected Argument Structure output.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Homework</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5725Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T11:03:11Z<p>Gert: /* Thematic Roles */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Thematic Roles ==<br />
<br />
So far, we have completely ignored semantics. But xlfg is capable of representing the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of predicates. The textbook contains a list of thematic roles (see the file ''Lexical-Functional Grammar - Thematic Roles 13'' on Olat!). Using these roles, the next exercise asks you to assign an argument structure to each predicate that governs grammatical functions. The notation is extremely simple: just put a period and a role name after each GF name, as follows:<br />
<br />
[PRED 'pred<GF.Role>']<br />
<br />
Here are some concrete examples:<br />
<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT, OBL.LOCATION>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.THEME>']<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 7.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of Grammar 6 - 2025-07-16<br><br />
3. Click on "Output Parameters"<br><br />
4. Under "Output for Argument-Structure:" select "Draw the Argument-Structure as an acyclic graph"<br><br />
5. Return to "Input"<br><br />
6. Assign the thematic role THEME to the SUBJ of the verb ''disappeared''.<br><br />
7. Parse and look at the output for the sentence ''John disappeared''.<br><br />
8. Study the relationship between the f-structure and the Argument Structure in the output.<br><br />
9. Now assign thematic roles to all the other governed grammatical functions in your lexicon and make sure you get the expected Argument Structure output.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Homework</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5724Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T10:56:37Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Thematic Roles ==<br />
<br />
So far, we have completely ignored semantics. But xlfg is capable of representing the assignment of thematic roles to the arguments of predicates. The textbook contains a list of thematic roles on page 13. Using these roles, the next exercise asks you to assign an argument structure to each predicate that governs grammatical functions. The notation is extremely simple: just put a period and a role name after each GF name, as follows:<br />
<br />
[PRED 'pred<GF.Role>']<br />
<br />
Here are some concrete examples:<br />
<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.AGENT, OBJ.PATIENT, OBL.LOCATION>']<br />
* [PRED 'pred<SUBJ.THEME>']<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 7.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">[https://147.210.117.56 https://147.210.117.56]</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your latest version of Grammar 6 - 2025-07-16<br><br />
3. Click on "Output Parameters"<br><br />
4. Under "Output for Argument-Structure:" select "Draw the Argument-Structure as an acyclic graph"<br><br />
5. Return to "Input"<br><br />
6. Assign the thematic role THEME to the SUBJ of the verb ''disappeared''.<br><br />
7. Parse and look at the output for the sentence ''John disappeared''.<br><br />
8. Study the relationship between the f-structure and the Argument Structure in the output.<br><br />
9. Now assign thematic roles to all the other governed grammatical functions in your lexicon and make sure you get the expected Argument Structure output.<br />
<br><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Homework</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5723Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T10:55:18Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5722Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T10:54:52Z<p>Gert: /* Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<1--<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5721Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T10:54:14Z<p>Gert: </p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<1--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_5&diff=5720Practical Grammar 52026-01-14T10:52:53Z<p>Gert: /* Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
== Not only verbs have a PRED feature ==<br />
<br />
Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:<br />
<br />
(1) [PRED &nbsp; 'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>']<br />
<br />
(2) [PRED &nbsp; 'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']<br />
<br />
The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:<br />
<br />
a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and<br><br />
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions <br />
<br />
So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "disappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).<br />
<br />
It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but '''all''' words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:<br />
<br />
a. "Lilly": [PRED &nbsp; 'LILLY']<br><br />
b. "cat": [PRED &nbsp; 'CAT']<br />
<br />
Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.1</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open your version of Grammar 4."<br><br />
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.<br><br />
4. Parse.<br><br />
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do '''not''' give the noun a PRED value.<br><br />
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"<br><br />
7. Parse.<br><br />
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.<br><br />
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.<br><br />
10. Parse.<br />
<br />
<--<br />
<br />
== Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system ==<br />
<br />
The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.2</span><br />
<br />
1. Go to <span class="newwin">https://147.210.117.56</span> and log in.<br><br />
2. Open the project "Grammer 5"<br><br />
3. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.<br><br />
4. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.<br />
<br />
DP → D NP;<br><br />
DP → NP;<br />
<br />
IP → DP Ibar;<br><br />
Ibar → I VP;<br><br />
Ibar → VP;<br />
<br />
NP → N; <br><br />
<br />
PP → P DP;<br />
<br />
VP → V;<br><br />
VP → V DP;<br><br />
VP → V DP DP;<br />
<br />
6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to '''ALL''' c-structure rules. <span style="color: red>Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!!</span> For "OBJ<sub>&#920;</sub>" in the book, write"OBJ_TH" in xlfg.<br><br />
7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!<br />
<br />
* (1) John disappeared<br><br />
* (2) the chair broke<br><br />
* (3) Martha saw Robert<br><br />
* (4) John sent Martha a check<br><br />
<br />
8. Parse.<br><br />
9. Display the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 5.3</span><br />
<br />
1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns and verbs in the Lexicon.<br><br />
2. Parse.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
[[Practical_Grammar|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] '''Week 5''' [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5719Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:55:08Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 1.2 Draw trees */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you have an opening bracket without a closing bracket or the other way round.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.2</span> Draw trees == <br />
<br />
Draw a tree for each sentence with <span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span> and check whether it has all and only the constituents you have provided evidence for.<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5718Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:54:11Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 1.2 Find constituents */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you have an opening bracket without a closing bracket or the other way round.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.2</span> Draw trees == <br />
<br />
Draw a tree for each sentence with <span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span> .<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5717Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:53:47Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you have an opening bracket without a closing bracket or the other way round.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.2</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Draw a tree for each sentence with <span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span> .<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5716Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:48:04Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you have an opening bracket without a closing bracket or the other way round.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5715Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:47:39Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you an opening bracket without a closing bracket or the other way round.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5714Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:46:46Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then below the textfield it will tell you what the problem is. A frequent error is that you have too many or too few brackets.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5713Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:46:08Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree.<br> <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then it might tell you why below the text field. A frequent error is that you have too many or too few brackets.<br><br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5712Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:45:37Z<p>Gert: /* Illustration */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
- To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. <br />
- Note: if the program doesn't draw a tree, then it might tell you why below the text field. A frequent error is that you have too many or too few brackets.<br />
- You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5711Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:43:03Z<p>Gert: /* Phrase Structure Rules */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
= Phrase Structure Rules =<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5710Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:42:31Z<p>Gert: /* Phrase Structure Rules */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
== Phrase Structure Rules ==<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5709Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:42:08Z<p>Gert: /* Exercise 1.1 Find constituents */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents == <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
=== Phrase Structure Rules ===<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5708Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:41:43Z<p>Gert: /* Pronouns */</p>
<hr />
<div><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="3"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
=== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents === <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
=== Phrase Structure Rules ===<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
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<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gerthttps://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar&diff=5707Practical Grammar2025-10-22T05:41:05Z<p>Gert: /* Phrase Structure Rules */</p>
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<!--<br />
== Textbook ==<br />
<br />
Throughout the course, we will use the following textbook:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[https://www.amazon.de/Lexical-Functional-Grammar-Introduction-Kersti-B%C3%B6rjars/dp/1316621650/ref=sr_1_1?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&crid=3FCUE2E4TBUCZ&keywords=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar&qid=1666008387&qu=eyJxc2MiOiIxLjUyIiwicXNhIjoiMC4wMCIsInFzcCI6IjAuMDAifQ%3D%3D&sprefix=b%C3%B6rjars+grammar%2Caps%2C73&sr=8-1 Börjars et al. (2019)]</span><br />
<br />
Please buy a copy of the book as quickly as possible!<br />
--><br />
== Review ==<br />
<br />
If you need a review on parts of speech and phrases, then follow these links:<br />
<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Words Words]]<br />
* [[https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php/Phrases Phrases]]<br />
<br />
== Syntactic Categories ==<br />
<br />
S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D<br />
<br />
==Evidence for Syntactic Constituents==<br />
<br />
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)<br />
<br />
===Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing===<br />
<br />
(1) I cant stand your elder sister.<br><br />
<br />
(2)<br />
<br />
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.<br><br />
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span>.<br><br />
c. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Elder sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your</span>.<br><br />
d. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Sister</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">your elder</span>.<br><br />
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span>.<br />
<br />
=Pronouns=<br />
<br />
===Pronouns replace NPs===<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span>.<br><br />
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span><br />
<br />
===''there'' replaces PPs===<br />
<br />
(8)<br />
<br />
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span>?<br><br />
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span>.<br />
<br />
===''do so'' replaces VPs===<br />
<br />
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span>.<br><br />
(10)<br />
<br />
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too.<br><br />
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br><br />
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span>, too.<br />
<br />
=== <span style="color: blue>Exercise 1.1</span> Find constituents === <br />
<br />
Based on the the constituency tests, determine the constituency of the bracketed expressions in the following sentences. Use only the following syntactic categories: S, NP, N, VP, V, PP, P, AP, A, D.<br />
<br />
Assume that sentences are created by the following rule, which says that an NP followed by a VP is an S (= sentence):<br />
<br />
S -> NP VP<br />
<br />
(1) John [disappeared].<br><br />
(2) the bottle [broke].<br><br />
(3) Martha [stayed at the hospital].<br><br />
(4) Fred [talks about Chicago].<br><br />
(5) Robert [went to the hospital].<br><br />
(6) Alice [moved into the room].<br><br />
(7) Joe [saw Fred].<br><br />
(8) Alice [broke the bottle].<br><br />
(9) we [moved it into the room].<br><br />
(10) Fred [took Alice to the hospital].<br><br />
(11) John [sent Martha a check].<br><br />
(12) we [gave Fred a wastebasket].<br />
<br />
=Illustration=<br />
<br />
The constituent structure of (5) is the following:<br />
<br />
[S [NP [N Robert]] [VP [V went] [PP [P to] [NP [D the] [N hospital]]]]].<br><br />
<br />
You can create a visual representation of the tree at the following website:<br />
<br />
<span class="newwin">[http://www.ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ jsSyntaxTree]</span><br />
<br />
To draw a tree for the structure above, paste it into the textfield of jsSyntaxTree. You can download the tree by clicking on it.<br />
<br />
Evidence for the constituent structure of (5) from the pronoun test:<br> <br />
a. The words ''the hospital'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''it'' and the most important word is a noun. Hence, ''the hospital'' is an NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
b. The words ''to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''there'' and the most important word is a preposition. Hence, ''to the hospital'' is a PP (= prepositional phrase).<br><br />
c. The words ''went to the hospital'' can be replaced by the proform ''do so'' and the most important word is a verb. Hence, ''went to the hospital'' is a VP (= verb phrase).<br><br />
d. The word ''Robert'' can be replaced by the pronoun ''he'' and it is a noun. Hence, it forms a single-word NP (= noun phrase).<br><br />
e. Sentences consist of an NP followed by a VP. Since ''Robert'' is an NP and ''went to the hospital'' is a VP, ''Robert went to the hospital'' is an S (= sentence).<br />
<br />
=== Phrase Structure Rules ===<br />
<br />
A phrase structure rule is well formed, if it is of one of the following forms<br />
<br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub><br> <br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub><br><br />
C<sub>0</sub> -> C<sub>1</sub> C<sub>2</sub> C<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
and each C is one of the categories listed above.<br />
<br />
b. Write the phrase structure rules needed to license the trees for (1)-(12).<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
<font size="2"><br />
<div align="center"><br />
'''Main page''' [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] <br />
</div></div>Gert