We distinguish four types of syntactic (grammatical) functions:
<ol>
<li>
Predicate
</li>
<li>
Subject
</li>
<li>
Complements
<ul>
<li>direct object</li>
<li>indirect object</li>
<li>predicative complement</li>
<li>prepositional complement</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Modifiers (Adjuncts)
</li>
</ol>

=== The differences can be accounted for using several criteria ===

==== Position in the structure ====

* The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).
* The subject is external to the predicate.
* Complements and modifiers are both internal to the predicate.
* The complements are sisters to V.
* The modifiers are sisters to VP.
* Modifiers usually do not stand between the V and its complements

==== Pronominalization ====
* A pro-VP form such as do so cannot combine with a complement, but it can combine with a modifier.
* Pat put a book [on the shelf], and Mary did so into the drawer. (on the shelf is a complement)
* Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)

==== Obligatoriness ====
* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)
* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.

==== Uniqueness ====
* Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.

==== Semantic autonomy ====
* The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:
** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)
** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)
* The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.
* The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.

<div align="center">
[[Survey_of_English_Grammar_Wiki:_Week_3| ← '''Clause Structure''']]      [[Survey_of_English_Grammar | ↑ '''Home''']] 

</div>

2020-06-17T15:37:36Z

Iva: /* Head-Modifier Phrases */

==Types of Phrases==
===Head-Complement Phrases===
A head-complement phrase can be formed by combining a word [= the head daughter] with 1 or 2 signs [= the non-head daughter(s)] whose syntactic categories can be unified with the syntactic categories on the word’s comps list.

Scheme 1: The head licenses 1 complement

[[File:H-C phrase 1.PNG|left|400px|caption]]
<div style="color:#fff; background:#72777d">
This schema licenses the following structure: 
XP -> X + COMPS 
Examples:
<ul>
<li>[PP [H of][C Lilly]]</li>
<li>[AP [H fond][C of Lilly]]</li>
<li>[VP [H likes][C Fido]]</li>
<li>[VP [H speaks][C to Fido]]</li>
</ul>
</div>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Scheme 2: The head licenses 2 complements
[[File:H-C phrase 2.PNG|left|400px|caption]]
<div style="color:#fff; background:#72777d">
This schema licenses the following structures: 
VP -> V N(P) N(P) 
VP -> V N(P) PP 
Examples:
<ul>
<li>[VP [H show][C me][C Frankfurt]]</li>
<li>[VP [H give][C the book][C to the student]]</li>
<li>[VP [H put][C the book][C on the table]]</li>
</ul>
</div>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

===Head-Specifier Phrases===
A head-specifier phrase can be formed by combining a sign [= the head daughter] with a second
sign [= the non-head daughter] whose syntactic category can be unified with the syntactic category on the word’s spr list:
[[File:H-SPR phrase.PNG|left|400px|caption]]
<div style="color:#fff; background:#72777d">
This schema licenses the following structures: 
*NP -> D N(P)
**[NP [SPR the][H student]]
**[NP [SPR those][H apples]]
*S -> N(P) V(P)
**[S [SPR Lilly][H smokes]]
**[S [SPR Lilly][H likes Fido]]
**[S [SPR The student][H showed a cat to Fido]]
</div>
 
 
 
 
 
 



== Phrase Formation ==


 
 

[http://141.2.159.95:7030/wt/ Link to the Online Grammar]

 
 

Navigation:
<div align="center">
[[Syntax_1_Wiki |'''Main page''']]|[[Syntax_1_Wiki:_Week_1| '''Week 1''']] |[[Syntax_1_Wiki:_Week_2| '''Week 2''']]|[[Phrases| '''Week 3''']]|[[Syntax_1_Wiki:_Week_4| '''Week 4''']]|[[Syntax_1_Wiki:_Week_5| '''Week 5''']]| '''Week 6'''|[[Syntax_1_Wiki:_Week_7| '''Week 7''']]
</div>

Syntax 1 Wiki: Week 6

2020-06-17T15:37:01Z

Iva: /* Phrase Formation */