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Practical Grammar 7 new

Gert — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 07:27:03 GMT

Gert deleted page Practical Grammar 7 new content was: "<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="3"> == Prepositional Phrases == Presently, xlfg cannot handle complex annotations like that of the PP. Therefore, we will simplify the rule as follows: 2. VP → V PP ↑=↓ (↑OBL) = ↓ This means that all PPs that combine with verbs bear the grammatical function OBL(IQUE). (2) translates into xlfg...", and the only contributor was "Gert" (talk)

Practical Grammar 6

Gert — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 07:26:08 GMT

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Practical Grammar 7

Gert — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 07:25:23 GMT

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	#~~REDIRECT~~ [[~~Practical Grammar 7 - old~~]]		<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
			<font size="3">

			So far, the arguments of verbs have all been noun phrases (= NPs) like names, pronouns, or Det-N (''the cat'') configurations. But verbs can also take complements of other parts of speech. This week, we will encounter a new case: namely, complements which are prepositional phrases (= PPs).

			== Prepositional Phrases ==

			We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:

			(1) The cat sat under the table<br>
			(2) Robin put food on the table

			To achieve this, we need

			# lexical items for the new verbs
			# a phrase structure rule that creates PPs from a P and an NP
			# two new phrase structure rules for verb phrases.

			=== The Syntax of PPs ===

			We make the following assumptions about the internal and external syntax of PPs:

			A. The internal structure of the PP

			a. the P is the head of the PP<br>
			b. the NP daughter of the PP bears the grammatical function OBJ

			B. The external relationships of the PP

			a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, an NP, and a PP.<br>
			b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.

			=== The Semantics of PPs expressing locations ===

			We make the following assumptions about the meaning of locational PPs like ''under the table'':

			a. the meaning of the NP ''the table'' is a LANDMARK (= orientation point).<br>
			b. different prepositions take the landmark as a basis and make different locations, depending on the meaning of the preposition. Thus, ''under'' uses the landmark '''the table''' to create the location '''under the table''', whereas ''on'' makes the location '''on the table''' from the same landmark.<br>
			c. sentence (1) then says that the cat is sitting in the location '''under the table''' and sentence (2) says that Robin put the food into the location '''on the table'''.<br>
			d. in accordance with this, the whole PP bears the thematic role LOCATION to the verb, and<br>
			e. the NP object of the preposition bears the thematic role of LANDMARK to the preposition.

			'''Important note''': the Wiki page currently does not allow me to upload pictures. Therefore, I have uploaded '''to Olat''' the file
			Exercise-8-expected-output.pdf
			which gives you the f-structure and the Argument Structure that your grammar should produce for sentences (1) and (2).

			<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8</span>

			1. Open Grammar-8<br>
			2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>
			3. Parse.
			<br>

			<div align="center">
			[[Practical_Grammar \|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2\|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3\|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4\|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5\|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6\|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9\|'''Week 9''']]
			</div>

Practical Grammar 8

Gert — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 09:31:38 GMT

Prepositional Phrases

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	We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:		We want our grammar to generate sentences like the following:

	(1) The cat sat under the table.<br>		(1) The cat sat under the table<br>
	(2) Robin put food on the table.		(2) Robin put food on the table

	To achieve this, we need		To achieve this, we need
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	B. The external relationships of the PP		B. The external relationships of the PP

	a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, a NP, and a PP.<br>		a. '''c-structure''': the whole PP is treated as just another daughter of the verb phrase whose head is the verb selecting the PP. Thus, in (1), the VP has two daughters, a V and a PP. In (2), the VP has three daughters, a V, an NP, and a PP.<br>
	b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.		b. '''grammatical function''': we will only deal with PPs that express locations, for example ''under the table'' and ''on the table''. Accordingly, the verbs taking the PP as argument assign it the grammatical function '''LOC'''.

Practical Grammar 6

Gert — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 08:00:37 GMT

Exercise 6.5 Nominative and accusative

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Practical Grammar 8

Gert — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 07:59:46 GMT

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	[[Practical_Grammar \|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2\|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3\|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4\|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5\|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6\|'''Week 6''']] ~~'''Week 7'''~~ '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9\|'''Week 9''']]		[[Practical_Grammar \|'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2\|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3\|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4\|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5\|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6\|'''Week 6''']] '''Week 8''' [[Practical_Grammar_9\|'''Week 9''']]
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