Constraint-based Syntax 2: Week 5 - Revision history

Gert: /* Homework */

2017-06-06T08:54:26Z

Homework

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	Navigation:		Navigation:
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	[[Constraint-based_Syntax_2\| '''Main page''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_1\| '''Week 1''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_2\| '''Week 2''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_3\| '''Week 3''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_4\| '''Week 4''']]    Week5    ~~Week6~~    Week7    Week8    Week9    Week10		[[Constraint-based_Syntax_2\| '''Main page''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_1\| '''Week 1''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_2\| '''Week 2''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_3\| '''Week 3''']] [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_4\| '''Week 4''']]    Week5    [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_6\| '''Week 6''']]    Week7    Week8    Week9    Week10
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Gert: /* Constraints on Verbs */

2017-05-29T11:23:54Z

Constraints on Verbs

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	[[File:~~Nominative-constraint~~.jpg]]		[[File:Nominative_case_constraint.jpg]]

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Gert: /* Homework */

2017-05-16T10:01:13Z

Homework

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	=== Homework ===		=== Homework ===

	Because of the very general definitions of the phrase types, most information in a phrasal node in one way or another is derived from information in the word that is the ultimate head of the phrase. Therefore, it is important to understand how words are structured internally. When you look at the details, you will see that almost every word belongs to some class of expressions which are structured in the same way, with each word contributing only a few pieces of word-specific information.		Because of the very general definitions of the phrase types, most information in a phrasal node in one way or another is derived from information in the word that is the ultimate head of the phrase. Therefore, it is important to understand how words are structured internally. When you look at the details, you will see that almost every word belongs to some class of expressions which are structured in the same way, with each word contributing only a few pieces of word-specific information.

			In this homework you are supposed to convince yourself that the claim above is true for the following expression types in our online grammar:

			* Names
			* Pronouns
			* Intransitive verbs (only base forms)
			* Monotransitive verbs (only base forms)
			* Verbs of the ''put-class''. (only base forms)

			A simple way of seeing what, for instance, all names have in common is to proceed as follows:

			# In the online grammar, parse any name and open up the feature structure completely.
			# Take a screen shot of the feature structure and print it out.
			# Now parse a number of different names, open their feature structures completely, and find the places in the feature structure where the other names differ from the feature structure of your printout.
			# On your printout , draw a red square around the parts of the feature structure that may differ from name to name.
			# Voilá: all the parts of the feature structure on your printout which don't have a red square around them define the word group ''name'' in English.

			Now do the same for the other 4 word groups mentioned above and bring the printouts to class next time!

Gert: /* Building Phrases */

2017-05-16T09:51:30Z

Building Phrases

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		=== Homework ===

		Because of the very general definitions of the phrase types, most information in a phrasal node in one way or another is derived from information in the word that is the ultimate head of the phrase. Therefore, it is important to understand how words are structured internally. When you look at the details, you will see that almost every word belongs to some class of expressions which are structured in the same way, with each word contributing only a few pieces of word-specific information.

Gert: /* Building Phrases */

2017-05-16T08:44:27Z

Building Phrases

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	'''Exercise'''		'''Exercise'''

	~~For each feature in~~ the ~~CAT value of~~ the ~~phrase~~, ~~explain why~~ the ~~feature has~~ the ~~value~~ that ~~it does.~~ Possible answers are: because of the Head-Feature Principle, or because of the Empty COMPS Constraint, or because of the definition of ''hd-comp-ph''.		If the values for the VP and the V are the same, name the principle that enforces the identity! If they are different, name the principle that requires them to be different!

			Possible answers are, among others: because of the Head-Feature Principle, or because of the Empty COMPS Constraint, or because of the definition of ''hd-comp-ph''.

			One more important piece of information is found in the top left of the phrase's feature structure: the type of the feature structure identifies the expression as a ''hd-comp-ph.

			Now click on the label of the mother node to close the feature structure and open the feature structure of ''her'', so that you can see the feature structures of the verb and the noun next to each other. In the feature structure of ''her'', you see the two features SYNSEM and ARG-ST. We ignore ARG-ST for now and think about the SYNSEM information. After the feature name we find a boxed number 2. A boxed number means that there is some identity. In this case, the SYNSEM value of ''her'' is identified with something else in the tree. Can you see what it is? Can you explain which principle or schema creates that identification? What does the identification mean?

Gert: /* Building Phrases */

2017-05-16T08:36:02Z

Building Phrases

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	[[File:GS-hd-comp-ph.jpg]]		[[File:GS-hd-comp-ph.jpg]]

			Go to the second tab and parse the expression ''visits her''. Look at the result without clicking on anything. What do the labels on the nodes (before the colons) tell you? When you have studied the labels, leave the window open and come back here!

			The first important result of parsing ''visits her'' is that the grammar returns a tree. This means that it was able to combine the two words at the bottom. Unsurprisingly, the labels on the three nodes identify the expressions at the bottom as a finite verb and an accusative N(P). The mother's label identifies it as a finite VP.

			Now click on the labels of the VP and the verb and compare the CAT values of both.

			'''Exercise'''

			For each feature in the CAT value of the phrase, explain why the feature has the value that it does. Possible answers are: because of the Head-Feature Principle, or because of the Empty COMPS Constraint, or because of the definition of ''hd-comp-ph''.

Gert: /* Building Phrases */

2017-05-16T08:27:56Z

Building Phrases

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	We have two noun with empty COMPS lists and a finite verb that is looking for an accusative NP as its single complement. The only thing we can do at this point is to make a ''hd-comp-ph'' with the verb as head daughter and one of the two nouns as non-head-dtr. Since we aim to license the sentence ''Fido visits her.'' we choose ''her'' as the complement of ''like'' in the schema for Head-Complement Phrases:		We have two noun with empty COMPS lists and a finite verb that is looking for an accusative NP as its single complement. The only thing we can do at this point is to make a ''hd-comp-ph'' with the verb as head daughter and one of the two nouns as non-head-dtr. Since we aim to license the sentence ''Fido visits her.'' we choose ''her'' as the complement of ''like'' in the schema for Head-Complement Phrases:

			[[File:GS-hd-comp-ph.jpg]]

Gert at 08:27, 16 May 2017

2017-05-16T08:27:00Z

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	Finally, parse the word ''visits'' and look at its label: it tells you that the word is a finite verb. When you click on the label to see the full feature structure, the CAT value of the word is more interesting than in the previous two cases. The HEAD features tell you that the verb is ''finite'' and ''third-person-singular". Two of the three valence features are non-empty:<br>		Finally, parse the word ''visits'' and look at its label: it tells you that the word is a finite verb. When you click on the label to see the full feature structure, the CAT value of the word is more interesting than in the previous two cases. The HEAD features tell you that the verb is ''finite'' and ''third-person-singular". Two of the three valence features are non-empty:<br>

	a. The SUBJ list contains one item whose label identifies it as a nominative NP (recall that the abbreviation ''NP'' stands for a feature structure (word or phrase) whose part of speech is ''noun'' and whose COMPS value is empty).		a. The SUBJ list contains one item whose label identifies it as a nominative NP (recall that the abbreviation ''NP'' stands for a feature structure (word or phrase) whose part of speech is ''noun'' and whose COMPS value is empty).<br>
	b. The COMPS list contains an accusative NP.		b. The COMPS list contains an accusative NP.

	Dont't look at the complete feature structures of the SUBj and the COMP synsems right now, since the information in the labels is all we need below.		Dont't look at the complete feature structures of the SUBj and the COMP synsems right now, since the information in the labels is all we need below.

			=== Building Phrases ===

			We have two noun with empty COMPS lists and a finite verb that is looking for an accusative NP as its single complement. The only thing we can do at this point is to make a ''hd-comp-ph'' with the verb as head daughter and one of the two nouns as non-head-dtr. Since we aim to license the sentence ''Fido visits her.'' we choose ''her'' as the complement of ''like'' in the schema for Head-Complement Phrases:

Gert: /* Licensing Main Clauses */

2017-05-16T08:23:38Z

Licensing Main Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:23, 16 May 2017
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	Finally, parse the word ''visits'' and look at its label: it tells you that the word is a finite verb. When you click on the label to see the full feature structure, the CAT value of the word is more interesting than in the previous two cases. The HEAD features tell you that the verb is ''finite'' and ''third-person-singular". Two of the three valence features are non-empty:<br>		Finally, parse the word ''visits'' and look at its label: it tells you that the word is a finite verb. When you click on the label to see the full feature structure, the CAT value of the word is more interesting than in the previous two cases. The HEAD features tell you that the verb is ''finite'' and ''third-person-singular". Two of the three valence features are non-empty:<br>

	a. The SUBJ list contains one item whose label identifies it as a nominative NP (recall that the abbreviation ''NP'' stands for a feature structure (word or phrase) whose part of speech is ''noun'' and whose COMPS value is empty).		a. The SUBJ list contains one item whose label identifies it as a nominative NP (recall that the abbreviation ''NP'' stands for a feature structure (word or phrase) whose part of speech is ''noun'' and whose COMPS value is empty).
	b. The COMPS list contains an accusative NP.		b. The COMPS list contains an accusative NP.

Gert: /* Licensing Main Clauses */

2017-05-16T08:23:10Z

Licensing Main Clauses

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	2. '''The word''' ''her'':<br>		2. '''The word''' ''her'':<br>

	Now parse the word ''her''. Its label shows us that this is a noun as well, but this time the noun's CASE is specific: it is ''nominative'', because the pronoun is lexically specified as having this case. If you click on the label and look at the word's CAT value, then you see that it also has ''third-person-singular" agreement and that its valence lists are all empty.		Now parse the word ''her''. Its label shows us that this is a noun as well, but this time the noun's CASE is specific: it is ''nominative'', because the pronoun is lexically specified as having this case. If you click on the label and look at the word's CAT value, then you see that it also has ''third-person-singular" agreement and that its valence lists are all empty.

	3. '''The word''' ''visits'':<br>		3. '''The word''' ''visits'':<br>

			Finally, parse the word ''visits'' and look at its label: it tells you that the word is a finite verb. When you click on the label to see the full feature structure, the CAT value of the word is more interesting than in the previous two cases. The HEAD features tell you that the verb is ''finite'' and ''third-person-singular". Two of the three valence features are non-empty:<br>

			a. The SUBJ list contains one item whose label identifies it as a nominative NP (recall that the abbreviation ''NP'' stands for a feature structure (word or phrase) whose part of speech is ''noun'' and whose COMPS value is empty).
			b. The COMPS list contains an accusative NP.

			Dont't look at the complete feature structures of the SUBj and the COMP synsems right now, since the information in the labels is all we need below.