Grammatical Functions - Revision history

Gert: /* Obligatoriness */

2017-05-04T13:36:05Z

Obligatoriness

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	==== Obligatoriness ====		==== Obligatoriness ====
	* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.		* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
	;; Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)		** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)
	* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.		* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.

Gert at 13:35, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:35:37Z

Gert at 13:34, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:34:03Z

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	** Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)		** Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)

	* Obligatoriness:		==== Obligatoriness ====
	** Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.		* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
	*** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)		** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)
	** Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.		* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.

	* Uniqueness:		==== Uniqueness ====
	** Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.		** Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.

	* Semantic autonomy:		==== Semantic autonomy ====
	** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:		** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:
	*** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)		*** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)

Gert at 13:32, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:32:58Z

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	## [[Oblique_Complement \| The oblique complement]]<br>		## [[Oblique_Complement \| The oblique complement]]<br>
	# [[Modifiers_(Adjuncts) \| Modifiers (Adjuncts)]]<br>		# [[Modifiers_(Adjuncts) \| Modifiers (Adjuncts)]]<br>
			<br>

	The differences can be accounted for using several criteria:		=== The differences can be accounted for using several criteria ===

			==== Position in the structure ====

	* Position in the structure:
	** The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).		** The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).
	** The subject is external to the predicate.		** The subject is external to the predicate.

Gert at 13:32, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:32:00Z

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	* Semantic autonomy:		* Semantic autonomy:
	** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:		** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:
	** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)		*** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)
	** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)		*** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)
	** The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.		** The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.
	** The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.		** The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.

Gert at 13:31, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:31:00Z

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	~~Grammatical Functions~~
	We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:		We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:

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	The differences can be accounted for using several criteria:		The differences can be accounted for using several criteria:
	Position in the structure:
	The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).		* Position in the structure:
	The subject is external to the predicate.		** The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).
	Complements and modifiers are both internal to the predicate.		** The subject is external to the predicate.
	The complements are sisters to V.		** Complements and modifiers are both internal to the predicate.
	The modifiers are sisters to VP.		** The complements are sisters to V.
	Modifiers usually do not stand between the V and its complements		** The modifiers are sisters to VP.
	Pronominalization:		** Modifiers usually do not stand between the V and its complements
	A pro-VP form such as do so cannot combine with a complement, but it can combine with a modifier.		* Pronominalization:
	*Pat put a book [on the shelf], and Mary did so into the drawer. (on the shelf is a complement)		** A pro-VP form such as do so cannot combine with a complement, but it can combine with a modifier.
	Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)		** Pat put a book [on the shelf], and Mary did so into the drawer. (on the shelf is a complement)
	Obligatoriness:		** Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)
	Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
	Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)		* Obligatoriness:
	Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.		** Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
	Uniqueness:		*** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)
	Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary ~~number~~.		** Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.
	Semantic autonomy:
	The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:		* Uniqueness:
	Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)		** Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.
	Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)
	The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.		* Semantic autonomy:
	The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.		** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:
			** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)
			** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)
			** The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.
			** The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.

Gert at 13:25, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:25:34Z

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	Grammatical Functions		Grammatical Functions
	We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:		We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:
	The predicate
	The subject		# [[Predicate \| The predicate]]<br>
	The complements:		# [[Subject \| The subject]]<br>
	The direct object		# [[Complements \| The complements]]<br>
	The indirect object		## [[Direct_Object \| The direct object]]<br>
	The predicative complement		## [[Indirect_Object \| The indirect object]]<br>
	The oblique complement		## [[Predicate_Complement \| The predicative complement]]<br>
	~~The modifiers~~		## [[Oblique_Complement \| The oblique complement]]<br>
			# [[Modifiers_(Adjuncts) \| Modifiers (Adjuncts)]]<br>

	The differences can be accounted for using several criteria:		The differences can be accounted for using several criteria:
	Position in the structure:		Position in the structure:
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	~~# [[Predicate \| The predicate]]<br>~~
	~~# [[Subject \| The subject]]<br>~~
	~~# [[Complements \| The complements]]<br>~~
	~~## [[Direct_Object \| The direct object]]<br>~~
	~~## [[Indirect_Object \| The indirect object]]<br>~~
	~~## [[Predicate_Complement \| The predicative complement]]<br>~~
	~~## [[Oblique_Complement \| The oblique complement]]<br>~~
	~~# [[Modifiers_(Adjuncts) \| Modifiers (Adjuncts)]]<br>~~

	<br>		<br>

Gert at 13:21, 4 May 2017

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			<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
			<font size="3">

	Grammatical Functions		Grammatical Functions
	We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:		We distinguish four types of grammatical functions:

Gert at 13:20, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T13:20:48Z

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	The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.		The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.


			# [[Predicate \| The predicate]]<br>
			# [[Subject \| The subject]]<br>
			# [[Complements \| The complements]]<br>
			## [[Direct_Object \| The direct object]]<br>
			## [[Indirect_Object \| The indirect object]]<br>
			## [[Predicate_Complement \| The predicative complement]]<br>
			## [[Oblique_Complement \| The oblique complement]]<br>
			# [[Modifiers_(Adjuncts) \| Modifiers (Adjuncts)]]<br>

	<br>		<br>

Gert at 09:46, 4 May 2017

2017-05-04T09:46:44Z

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	The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.		The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.
	The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.		The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.


			<br>
			<br>
			<div align="center">
			[[Phrases\| ← '''Phrases''']]      [[Predicate \| → '''Predicate''']]
			</div>

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	==== Position in the structure ====		==== Position in the structure ====

	** The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).		* The predicate of a clause is the highest VP (or AuxP).
	** The subject is external to the predicate.		* The subject is external to the predicate.
	** Complements and modifiers are both internal to the predicate.		* Complements and modifiers are both internal to the predicate.
	** The complements are sisters to V.		* The complements are sisters to V.
	** The modifiers are sisters to VP.		* The modifiers are sisters to VP.
	** Modifiers usually do not stand between the V and its complements		* Modifiers usually do not stand between the V and its complements
	* Pronominalization:
	** A pro-VP form such as do so cannot combine with a complement, but it can combine with a modifier.		==== Pronominalization ====
	** Pat put a book [on the shelf], and Mary did so into the drawer. (on the shelf is a complement)		* A pro-VP form such as do so cannot combine with a complement, but it can combine with a modifier.
	** Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)		* Pat put a book [on the shelf], and Mary did so into the drawer. (on the shelf is a complement)
			* Pat read a book [in the library], and Mary did so at home. (in the library'' is a modifier)

	==== Obligatoriness ====		==== Obligatoriness ====
	* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.		* Complements are syntactically obligatory. Their form and number is determined by the verb.
	** Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)		;; Note: complements can also be optional (Pat ate (shrimp).)
	* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.		* Modifiers are syntactically optional. Their form and number is independent of the VP they combine with.

	==== Uniqueness ====		==== Uniqueness ====
	** Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.		* Every complement function can occur at most once with a given predicate. Modifiers can occur in arbitrary numbers.

	==== Semantic autonomy ====		==== Semantic autonomy ====
	** The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:		* The interpretation of complements is determined by the verb, the interpretation of modifiers is independent of the verb:
	*** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)		** Pat relies [on Kim]. (complement, on does not contribute any meaning)
	*** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)		** Pat lies [on the bed]. (locative modifier, on expresses a relative position)
	** The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.		* The existence or involvement of a complement is semantically implied by the specific verb. E.g. eat implies that some object is involved in the activity.
	** The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.		* The compatibility of a VP with a certain modifier is a property not of the particular verb, but of a larger verb class.