Practical Grammar 10 - Revision history

Gert: /* B */

2026-06-23T08:02:55Z

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	This is also straightforward: meaningful subjects are those which are assigned a semantic role in the verb's PRED value. Meaningless subjects are of course not assigned a semantic role. After all, since meaningless expressions do not refer to anything, there is nothing that could play that role in an event.		This is also straightforward: meaningful subjects are those which are assigned a semantic role in the verb's PRED value. Meaningless subjects are of course not assigned a semantic role. After all, since meaningless expressions do not refer to anything, there is nothing that could play that role in an event.

	~~''Italic text''~~==== C ====		==== C ====

	This is a little more involved and requires two theoretical innovations.		This is a little more involved and requires two theoretical innovations.
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	(7) *There bought olives <br>		(7) *There bought olives <br>

	(6) it rained<br>		(8) it rained<br>
	(6) *Ingrid rained<br>		(10) *Ingrid rained<br>
	(7) *there rained<br>		(7) *there rained<br>

	(8) There arose a storm<br>		(11) There arose a storm<br>
	(8) *Ingrid arose a storm<br>		(12) *Ingrid arose a storm<br>
	(9) *it arose a storm<br>		(13) *it arose a storm<br>

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Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T08:01:28Z

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 This is also straightforward: meaningful subjects are those which are assigned a semantic role in the verb's PRED value. Meaningless subjects are of course not assigned a semantic role. After all, since meaningless expressions do not refer to anything, there is nothing that could play that role in an event.
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+''Italic text''==== C ====
 This is a little more involved and requires two theoretical innovations.
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 . Add these sentences as test items with their grammaticality status.<br>
 . Parse.
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Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T08:00:48Z

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	The data above together with the data from Unit 9 illustrate the following generalizations:		The data above together with the data from Unit 9 illustrate the following generalizations:

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	~~<!--~~
	d. The verb ''buy'' can serve as the head of the complement of the control verb ''try'', but the verbs ''rain'' and ''arise'' cannot. In other words, you cannot embed a verb under ''try'' if that verb requires an expletive as its subject.<br>		d. The verb ''buy'' can serve as the head of the complement of the control verb ''try'', but the verbs ''rain'' and ''arise'' cannot. In other words, you cannot embed a verb under ''try'' if that verb requires an expletive as its subject.<br>
	e. All three verbs ''buy'', ''rain'' and ''arise'' can serve as the head of the complement of the raising verb ''seem''.		e. All three verbs ''buy'', ''rain'' and ''arise'' can serve as the head of the complement of the raising verb ''seem''.

Gert: /* Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions */

2026-06-23T08:00:13Z

Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions

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	[[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG \| 340px]]		[[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG \| 340px]]
	-->		-->

	~~== Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions ==~~

	~~Add the following test items to your grammar and parse all items:~~

	(5) Ingrid bought olives <br>		(5) Ingrid bought olives <br>

Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T07:59:57Z

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	1. Open Grammar Grammar 8<br>		1. Open Grammar Grammar 8<br>
	2. For all the words in the sentences below, add lexical entries if that is necessary.		2. For all the words in the sentences below, add lexical entries if that is necessary.<br>
	3. Add these sentences as test items with their grammaticality status.		3. Add these sentences as test items with their grammaticality status.<br>
	4. Parse.		4. Parse.

Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T07:59:30Z

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	With this, we have all the pieces in place for the next excercise.		With this, we have all the pieces in place for the next excercise.

			<span style="color: blue>Exercise 11 </span>

			1. Open Grammar Grammar 8<br>
			2. For all the words in the sentences below, add lexical entries if that is necessary.
			3. Add these sentences as test items with their grammaticality status.
			4. Parse.

	<!--		<!--

Gert: /* Existential sentences */

2026-06-23T07:56:14Z

Existential sentences

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	With this, we have all the pieces in place for the next excercise.		With this, we have all the pieces in place for the next excercise.

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	== Existential sentences ==		== Existential sentences ==
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	[[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG \| 340px]]		[[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG \| 340px]]
			-->

	== Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions ==		== Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions ==

Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T07:55:48Z

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	1. FORM values for meaningless ''it'' and ''there''. The problem is that weather verbs ONLY tolerate the meaningless ''it'' as a subject and existential verbs ONLY the meaningless ''there''. But, how can these verbs tell these two meaningless items apart? The answer is that we need to give these two nouns functional information that the verb can selects. This is what the new FORM feature is for. In their lexical entries, ''it'' is marked FORM:it and ''there'' is marked FORM:there. Meaningful items don't need the form feature.		1. FORM values for meaningless ''it'' and ''there''. The problem is that weather verbs ONLY tolerate the meaningless ''it'' as a subject and existential verbs ONLY the meaningless ''there''. But, how can these verbs tell these two meaningless items apart? The answer is that we need to give these two nouns functional information that the verb can selects. This is what the new FORM feature is for. In their lexical entries, ''it'' is marked FORM:it and ''there'' is marked FORM:there. Meaningful items don't need the form feature.

	2. The completeness and coherence conditions assume that all the grammatical functions in a verb's PRED value are assigned a thematic role. For the subjects of weather and existential verbs, however, that is precisely not the case. Therefore, these subjects have to be listed outside the verb's PRED value. The PRED value of ''rain'', for instance, will then be: [PRED:'RAIN'<>SUBJ'] . Since ''rain'' has no meaningful dependent, the brackets after its meaning stay empty. The non-semantic subject is then listed after the brackets.		2. The completeness and coherence conditions assume that all the grammatical functions in a verb's PRED value are assigned a thematic role. For the subjects of weather and existential verbs, however, that is precisely not the case. Therefore, these subjects have to be listed outside the verb's PRED value. The PRED value of ''rain'', for instance, will then be: [PRED:'RAIN'<>SUBJ'] . Since ''rain'' has no meaningful dependent, the brackets after its meaning stay empty. The non-semantic subject is then listed after the brackets.

Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T07:55:32Z

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	==== C ====		==== C ====

	This is a little more involved and ~~needs~~		This is a little more involved and requires two theoretical innovations.

			1. FORM values for meaningless ''it'' and ''there''. The problem is that weather verbs ONLY tolerate the meaningless ''it'' as a subject and existential verbs ONLY the meaningless ''there''. But, how can these verbs tell these two meaningless items apart? The answer is that we need to give these two nouns functional information that the verb can selects. This is what the new FORM feature is for. In their lexical entries, ''it'' is marked FORM:it and ''there'' is marked FORM:there. Meaningful items don't need the form feature.
			2. The completeness and coherence conditions assume that all the grammatical functions in a verb's PRED value are assigned a thematic role. For the subjects of weather and existential verbs, however, that is precisely not the case. Therefore, these subjects have to be listed outside the verb's PRED value. The PRED value of ''rain'', for instance, will then be: [PRED:'RAIN'<>SUBJ'] . Since ''rain'' has no meaningful dependent, the brackets after its meaning stay empty. The non-semantic subject is then listed after the brackets.

			With this, we have all the pieces in place for the next excercise.
	~~For (1)~~, ~~your grammar should produce~~ the ~~Argument Structure below as the '''only''' grammatical output:~~

	~~[[ File:Rain-AgrSJPG.JPG \| 100px]]~~

	~~As (1) shows, weather verbs demand~~ the meaningless form ''it'' as their SUBJ. Such meaningless words are called '''expletives'''. Thus, English has both an expletive ''it'' (= meaningless) and a referential ''it'' (a third person singular pronoun, as in ''I saw it''.

	== Existential sentences ==		== Existential sentences ==

Gert: /* C */

2026-06-23T07:46:43Z

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	==== C ====		==== C ====

			This is a little more involved and needs