Practical Grammar 9 - Revision history

Gert at 12:04, 11 February 2026

2026-02-11T12:04:28Z

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	1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>		1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>
	2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br>		2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br>
	3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.~~pdf~~ on Olat.		3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.docx on Olat.

Gert: /* Complement Clauses */

2026-02-04T10:39:08Z

Complement Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:39, 4 February 2026
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	# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).		# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).
	# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.		# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.
	# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.		# The C and the lower S are co-heads of the upper S.
	# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.		# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.
	# Complementizers have no PRED value.		# Complementizers have no PRED value.

Gert: /* Complement Clauses */

2026-02-04T10:38:33Z

Complement Clauses

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	Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:		Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:

	(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared		(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared<br>
	(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared~~<br>~~		(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared

	The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but		The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but

Gert: /* Complement Clauses */

2026-02-04T10:38:11Z

Complement Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 4 February 2026
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	Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:		Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:

	(3) *Fred ~~thought whether~~ Lilly disappeared~~<br>~~		(3) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared
	(4) *Fred ~~asked that~~ Lilly disappeared		(4) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br>

	The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but		The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but

Gert: /* Complement Clauses */

2026-02-04T10:37:06Z

Complement Clauses

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	(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br>		(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br>
	(2) Fred ~~enquired~~ whether Lilly disappeared		(2) Fred asked whether Lilly disappeared

	There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need		There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need
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	(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br>		(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br>
	(4) *Fred ~~enquired~~ that Lilly disappeared		(4) *Fred asked that Lilly disappeared

	The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but		The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but

Gert at 10:28, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T10:28:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 4 February 2026
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	1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>		1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>
	2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above.<br>		2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above, but (1)-(2) stay grammatical.<br>
	3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.		3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

Gert at 10:27, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T10:27:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 4 February 2026
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	# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).		# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).
	# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.		# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.
	# The lower S is ~~the head~~ of the upper S.		# The C and the lower S is are co-heads of the upper S.
	# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.		# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.
	# Complementizers have no PRED value.		# Complementizers have no PRED value.
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	1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>		1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>
	2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>		2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>
			3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

			Note that the complementizers in (1) and (2) cannot be exchanged:

			(3) *Fred thought whether Lilly disappeared<br>
			(4) *Fred enquired that Lilly disappeared

			The reason is that there is an incompatibility of clause type information in (3) and (4): the verb ''thought'' requires a declarative clause as its COMP, but
			the word ''whether'' can only head interrogative clauses. In (4), we find the opposite incompatibility.

			<span style="color: blue>Exercise 10 </span>

			1. Open your current version of Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>
			2. Add the feature CLAUSE_TYPE to the lexical entries that need it so that (3)-(4) are not accepted by the grammar for the reasons stated above.<br>
	3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.		3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

Gert at 10:06, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T10:06:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 4 February 2026
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	<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span>		<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span>

	1. Open Grammar 9<br>		1. Open Grammar Grammar 9 - 2026-02-04<br>
	2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>		2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>
	3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.		3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

Gert at 10:06, 4 February 2026

2026-02-04T10:06:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:06, 4 February 2026
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	# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).		# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).
	# ~~Complementizers head CPs~~.		# A complementizer combines with a following S to form another S.
	# ~~CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP.~~ The ~~two daughters are co-heads~~ of the CP.		# The lower S is the head of the upper S.
	# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and ~~a CP~~. The CP bears the GF '''COMP'''.		# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and an S. The S bears the GF '''COMP'''.
	# Complementizers have no PRED value.		# Complementizers have no PRED value.

Gert: /* Complement Clauses */

2026-02-04T09:03:41Z

Complement Clauses

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:03, 4 February 2026
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	== Complement Clauses ==		== Complement Clauses ==

			Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:

			(1) Fred thought that Lilly disappeared<br>
			(2) Fred enquired whether Lilly disappeared

			There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need

			# lexical items for the new verbs
			# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''
			# two new phrase structure rules.

			We make the following assumptions:

			# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).
			# Complementizers head CPs.
			# CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the CP.
			# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and a CP. The CP bears the GF '''COMP'''.
			# Complementizers have no PRED value.

			<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span>

			1. Open Grammar 9<br>
			2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>
			3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.