https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Practical_Grammar_SubjClausesPractical Grammar SubjClauses - Revision history2026-04-09T07:46:44ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.12https://www.english-linguistics.de/grammarparadise/wiki/index.php?title=Practical_Grammar_SubjClauses&diff=5609&oldid=prevGert: Created page with "== Subject Clauses == ''That''- and ''whether''-clauses can also act as subjects: 1. That Lilly disappeared sucks<br> 2. Whether Lilly disappeared is unknown Of course, the complementizers are still bound to their clause types: 3. *Whether Lilly disappeared sucks<br> <span style="color: blue>Exercise 8.2</span> * Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>. <!-- * Open your latest grammar or start with a copy of Grammar5-.Ex8.1..."2025-07-25T06:31:04Z<p>Created page with "== Subject Clauses == ''That''- and ''whether''-clauses can also act as subjects: 1. That Lilly disappeared sucks<br> 2. Whether Lilly disappeared is unknown Of course, the complementizers are still bound to their clause types: 3. *Whether Lilly disappeared sucks<br> <span style="color: blue>Exercise 8.2</span> * Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>. <!-- * Open your latest grammar or start with a copy of Grammar5-.Ex8.1..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>== Subject Clauses ==<br />
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''That''- and ''whether''-clauses can also act as subjects:<br />
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1. That Lilly disappeared sucks<br><br />
2. Whether Lilly disappeared is unknown<br />
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Of course, the complementizers are still bound to their clause types:<br />
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3. *Whether Lilly disappeared sucks<br><br />
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<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8.2</span><br />
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* Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>.<br />
<!-- * Open your latest grammar or start with a copy of Grammar5-.Ex8.1-solution. --><br />
* Add the sentences above to your test items.<br />
* Change the grammar so that it makes the correct predictions for all test items.<br />
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Your grammar should yield the following Argument Structure for sentence (1):<br><br />
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[[File:Sucks.JPG|500px]]<br />
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Your grammar should yield the following Argument Structure for sentence (2):<br><br />
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[[File:Unknown.JPG|500px]]<br />
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Notes:<br />
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a. treat ''is'' as a verb which combines with a COMP and an OBJ.<br><br />
b. treat ''unknown'' as an adjective.<br />
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== The Difference between Defining Equations and Constraining Equations ==<br />
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There are several types of equations that can be used in annotations. So far, we have encountered the following two:<br />
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(1) ↑=↓1; <br><br />
(2) (↑ OBJ) =↓2;<br />
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These equations are both defining equations. <br />
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'''Defining equations''' add their information to an f-structure.<br />
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There is a second kind of equation, which we have not seen yet, but which you will need for the following exercise. These are called constraininig equations.<br />
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'''Constraininig equations''' test whether their information is contained in an f-structure. They do NOT add the information themselves.<br />
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Illustration:<br />
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Case 1:<br />
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Imagine you have the following defining equation:<br />
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(↑ TENSE) = pres;<br />
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* it turns the f-structure [] into the f-structure [TENSE pres], i.e. it adds its information to the f-structure.<br />
* it turns the f-structure [TENSE pres] into the f-structure [TENSE pres], i.e. it adds its information to the f-structure. If the information was already there, the f-structure remains the same.<br />
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Case 2:<br />
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Now, imagine you have the following constraining equation:<br />
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(↑ TENSE) =<sub>c</sub> pres<br />
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* it marks the f-structure [] as ill-formed, since it does not contain the information TENSE pres, i.e. the constraining equation is a test on an f-structure.<br />
* it marks the f-structure [TENSE pres] as well-formed, but does not change it.<br />
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When to use a constraining equation:<br />
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'''Constraining equations''' are used when one item depends on some other item's adding a particular piece of information to an f-structure.<br />
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=== The Syntax of Constraining equations in xlfg ===<br />
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Since xlfg does not use subscripts, it uses "==" as constraining equations.<br />
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Illustration:<br />
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'''<span style="color: red>(↑ TENSE) =<sub>c</sub> pres</span>''' becomes '''<span style="color: blue>(↑ TENSE) == pres;</span>''' in xlfg.<br />
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