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| == Long Distance Dependencies == | | == Long Distance Dependencies == |
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| So far, we have only looked at sentences with Subject-Verb-Complement(s) order. However, under certain circumstances English also permits sentences where some constituent that normally appears after the subject appears before it. Here are some examples, with the name of the construction:
| | Here is the handout from this week's class: |
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| '''Polar interrogative clauses'''
| | [[File:Long-distance-dependencies.pdf|thumb]] |
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| <u>Did</u> Lilly dance?<br>
| | Link to the [http://141.2.159.95:7002/wt/ online grammar] with long distance dependencies: |
| <u>Has</u> Lilly been dancing?
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| '''Topicalization clauses'''
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| <u>Lilly</u> Fido likes.<br>
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| <u>Lilly</u> I think that Fido was speaking to.
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| '''Non-subject Wh-interrogative main clauses'''
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| <u>Who</u> does Fido like?<br>
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| <u>Who</u> do you think that Fido was speaking to?
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| '''Non-subject Wh-interrogative subordinate clauses'''
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| I asked <u>who</u> Fido likes?<br>
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| I asked <u>who</u> you think that Fido was speaking to?
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| Even though the following clauses display no overt displacement, they are both interrogative clauses and should therefore be analyzed together with the interrogative clauses above.
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| '''Subject Wh-interrogative clauses'''
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| Who likes Fido.<br>
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| Who thinks that Fido was speaking to Lilly.
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| '''Polar interrogative subordinate clauses'''
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| I asked whether Fido likes Lilly<br>
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| I asked whether you think that Fido was speaking to Lilly.
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| == Necessary additions to the grammar ==
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| In order to analyze all the sentence types above, we need to add only 3 features, 2 grammatical rules, and a number of principles to the previous grammar:
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| # The three new features
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Feature !! Value type!! Function of the feature
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| | INV(erted) || ''boolean'' || Is the verb inverted (before the subject) or not?
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| | WH || ''list(param)'' || List of the Wh-parameters a sign contains.
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| | SLASH || ''list(loc)'' || List of the gaps a sign contains.
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| |}
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| The extended architecture of signs therefore looks as follows:
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| (24) on p. 19
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| | Link to the [http://141.2.159.95:7001/wt/ original grammar] |
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