Practical Grammar 5

Not only verbs have a PRED feature

Last week, we introduced the PRED feature and assigned it to verbs, like the following:

(1) [PRED   'DISAPPEAR<SUBJ>'] (2) [PRED   'SEE<SUBJ, OBJ>']

The PRED feature is discussed at the beginning of section 2.2 in the textbook. There it is described that the value of the PRED feature consists of two pieces of information:

a. a SEMANTIC FORM, and
b. for predicates that must combine with grammatical functions, a list of functions

So, the PRED value of (1) means that the word "diappear" means DISAPPEAR and must combine with a SUBJ and no other grammatial function(s).

Similarly for (2): the word "see" means SEE and must combine with a SUBJ, an OBJ, and no other grammatial function(s).

It follows from what was just said that not only verbs, but all words which are meaningsful have a PRED value. Here are some more examples:

a. "Lilly": [PRED   'LILLY']
b. "cat": [PRED   'CAT']

Some function words like the determiners "a" and "the" are not assumed to have the feature PRED, because they are assumed to have "grammatical" meanings which are different from the meanings of verbs and nouns.

Exercise

1. Go to https://xlfg.labri.fr/ and log in.
2. Open the project "Practical Grammer 5"
3. Add appropriate PRED features to the lexical entries that need them.
4. Parse.
5. In the Lexicon editor, add your first name as a noun, but do not give the noun a PRED value.
6. Add a test sentence "[YOUR FIRST NAME] snores"
7. Parse.
8. Study the output for the last test sentence and try to understand it.
9. Go back to the Lexicon editor and add an appropriate PRED feature and value to the entry for your name.
10. Parse.

Making our grammar more similar to the textbook system

The following rules are a slightly simplified version of the c-structure rules from pages 33 and 35 of the textbook. The rules are simplified, so as not to introduce too many new ideas at once. We will eventually use the full set of rules.

Exercise

1. Go to https://xlfg.labri.fr/ and log in.
2. Create a new project.
3. Call it "Practical Grammar 5".
4. Enter "start_symbol: IP" into the Declarations editor.
5. Enter the following c-structure rules into the Grammar editor.

DP → D NP;
DP → NP;

IP → DP Ibar;
Ibar → I VP;
Ibar → VP;

NP → N;
NP → AP NP;

PP → P DP;

VP → V;
VP → V DP;
VP → V PP;
VP → V DP DP;
VP → V DP PP;

// The following is a pseudo-rule that is supposed to recognize all categories. Do NOT change or delete it!

Const → CP|Cbar|DP|Dbar|IP|Ibar|NP|PP|VP;
---

6. Drawing on page 48 of the textbook, add annotations to ALL c-structure rules. Be aware that xlfg gives an error message if only some but not all rules are annotated!!! 7. Add the lexical entries that appear in the sentences below to the Lexicon, with just a part of speech for now. Do not end your test sentences with a period!

(1) John disappeared
(2) The chair broke
(3) Martha stayed at the hospital
(4) Robert went to the hospital
(5) Martha has gone to the hospital
(6) Martha saw Robert
(7) We moved the chair into the room
(8) Fred took Alice to the hospital
(9) John sent Martha a check
(10) The old chair broke

7. Parse.
8. Diaplay the tree for each sentence and find the differences between the structures licensed by our previous grammar and the current one.

Exercise

1. Add appropriate PRED values to all nouns, verbs, and adjectives in the Lexicon.
2. Parse.
3. Which sentences do not have valid f-structures?

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