Practical Grammar 11: Difference between revisions

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== Determiner Phrases with possessives ==
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=== Exercise ===
 
In this exercise, you are supposed to add to the grammar (if necessary) the lexical entries and rules to license the following strings:


== When it rains, it pours ==
(1) the car<br>
(2) my car<br>
(3) Ingrid s<br>
(4) Ingrid s car<br>


Implement the analysis of weather verbs that is given on p. 107 of the textbook. Your grammar should predict the following facts:
<!--
(3) my new car<br>
(4) my shiny new car<br>
(5) *Ingrid car<br>
(6) Ingrid s car<br>
(7) I like my shiny new car<br>
(8) I like Ingrid s shiny new car<br>
(9) I like my brother s shiny new car<br>
(10) I like Ingrid s brother s shiny new car
-->


(1) It rained.<br>
Your grammar should output the following representations:
(2) *Ingrid rained<br>


For (1), your grammar should produce the Argument Structure below as the '''only''' grammatical output:
(1) '''the car'''<br>


[[ File:Rain-AgrSJPG.JPG   | 100px]]
[[File:The-car-csJPG.JPG|250px]]


As (1) shows, weather verbs demand the meaningless form ''it'' as their SUBJ. Such meaningless words are called '''expletives'''. Thus, English has both an expletive ''it'' (= meaningless) and a referential ''it'' (a third person singular pronoun, as in ''I saw it''.
[[File:The-car-fs.JPG|120px]]


== Existential sentences ==
[[File:The-car.as.JPG|90px]]


English has a second expletive, namely the word ''there'' in sentences like (3):
(2) '''my car'''<br>


(3) There arose a storm<br>
[[File:My-car-cs.JPG|250px]]


These sentences are called existential sentences, because they express that an instance of the concept named by the postverbal NP exists or comes about. Sentence (3), for instance, says that a storm came into existence. This can also be expressed by "A storm arose", but (3) stresses the existential aspect more strongly.
[[File:My-car-fs.JPG|230px]]


Existential sentences require the '''expletive''' ''there'' as a SUBJ, because the existence is expressed by the verb ''arise'' and ''there'' contributes no meaning to the sentence. In this usage, ''there'' is a noun. In its usage as a locative element (which we are not dealing with here), it is an adverb.
[[File:My-car-as.JPG|250px]]


From what was said above, the constrast between (3) and (4) follows. Implement these two sentences:


(4) *Ingrid arose a storm
(3) '''Ingrid s'''<br>


Sentence (3) should get a single Argument Structure, namely the following one:
[[File:Ingrid-s-cs.JPG|200px]]


[[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG   | 340px]]
[[File:Ingrid-s-fs.JPG|240px]]


== Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions ==
[[File:Ingrid-s-as.JPG|120px]]


Now, we are going to test whether your solution to the exercise in Unit 9 and your solutions to the two problems above work together correctly.


Add the following test items to your grammar and parse all items:
(4) '''Ingrid s car'''<br>


(5) *There bought olives <br>
[[File:Ingrid-s-car-cs.JPG|300px]]
(6) *Ingrid rained<br>
(7) *There rained<br>
(8) *Ingrid arose a storm<br>
(9) *It arose a storm<br>
(10) *It tried to rain<br>
(11) *There tried to arise a storm<br>
(12) It seemed to rain<br>
(13) There seemed to arise a storm


The data above together with the data from Unit 9 illustrate the following generalizations:
[[File:Ingrid-s-car-fs.JPG|310px]]


a. The verb ''buy'' tolerates as its SUBJ the word ''Ingrid'' but not the expletives ''it'' and ''there''.<br>
[[File:Ingrid-s-car-as.JPG|250px]]
b. The verb ''rain'' tolerates as its SUBJ the expletive ''it'' but not the words ''Ingrid'' and the expletive ''there''.<br>
c. The verb ''arise'' in its existential use tolerates as its SUBJ the expletive ''there'' but not the words ''Ingrid'' and  the expletive ''it''.<br>
d. The verb ''buy'' can serve as the head of the complement of the control verb ''try'', but the verbs ''rain'' and ''arise'' cannot. In other words, you cannot embed a verb under ''try'' if that verb requires an expletive as its subject.<br>
e. All three verbs ''buy'', ''rain'' and ''arise'' can serve as the head of the complement of the raising verb ''seem''.
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   [[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']]
   [[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] '''Week 10'''
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     [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']]  '''Week 11'''
     [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Week 12''']]
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Revision as of 07:57, 6 February 2023

Determiner Phrases with possessives

Exercise

In this exercise, you are supposed to add to the grammar (if necessary) the lexical entries and rules to license the following strings:

(1) the car
(2) my car
(3) Ingrid s
(4) Ingrid s car


Your grammar should output the following representations:

(1) the car

The-car-csJPG.JPG

The-car-fs.JPG

The-car.as.JPG

(2) my car

My-car-cs.JPG

My-car-fs.JPG

My-car-as.JPG


(3) Ingrid s

Ingrid-s-cs.JPG

Ingrid-s-fs.JPG

Ingrid-s-as.JPG


(4) Ingrid s car

Ingrid-s-car-cs.JPG

Ingrid-s-car-fs.JPG

Ingrid-s-car-as.JPG



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