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| | == Determiner Phrases with possessives == |
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| | === Exercise === |
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| | In this exercise, you are supposed to add to the grammar (if necessary) the lexical entries and rules to license the following strings: |
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| == When it rains, it pours ==
| | (1) the car<br> |
| | (2) my car<br> |
| | (3) Ingrid s<br> |
| | (4) Ingrid s car<br> |
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| Implement the analysis of weather verbs that is given on p. 107 of the textbook. Your grammar should predict the following facts:
| | <!-- |
| | (3) my new car<br> |
| | (4) my shiny new car<br> |
| | (5) *Ingrid car<br> |
| | (6) Ingrid s car<br> |
| | (7) I like my shiny new car<br> |
| | (8) I like Ingrid s shiny new car<br> |
| | (9) I like my brother s shiny new car<br> |
| | (10) I like Ingrid s brother s shiny new car |
| | --> |
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| (1) It rained.<br>
| | Your grammar should output the following representations: |
| (2) *Ingrid rained<br>
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| For (1), your grammar should produce the Argument Structure below as the '''only''' grammatical output:
| | (1) '''the car'''<br> |
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| [[ File:Rain-AgrSJPG.JPG | 100px]] | | [[File:The-car-csJPG.JPG|250px]] |
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| As (1) shows, weather verbs demand the meaningless form ''it'' as their SUBJ. Such meaningless words are called '''expletives'''. Thus, English has both an expletive ''it'' (= meaningless) and a referential ''it'' (a third person singular pronoun, as in ''I saw it''.
| | [[File:The-car-fs.JPG|120px]] |
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| == Existential sentences ==
| | [[File:The-car.as.JPG|90px]] |
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| English has a second expletive, namely the word ''there'' in sentences like (3):
| | (2) '''my car'''<br> |
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| (3) There arose a storm<br>
| | [[File:My-car-cs.JPG|250px]] |
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| These sentences are called existential sentences, because they express that an instance of the concept named by the postverbal NP exists or comes about. Sentence (3), for instance, says that a storm came into existence. This can also be expressed by "A storm arose", but (3) stresses the existential aspect more strongly.
| | [[File:My-car-fs.JPG|230px]] |
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| Existential sentences require the '''expletive''' ''there'' as a SUBJ, because the existence is expressed by the verb ''arise'' and ''there'' contributes no meaning to the sentence. In this usage, ''there'' is a noun. In its usage as a locative element (which we are not dealing with here), it is an adverb.
| | [[File:My-car-as.JPG|250px]] |
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| From what was said above, the constrast between (3) and (4) follows. Implement these two sentences:
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| (4) *Ingrid arose a storm | | (3) '''Ingrid s'''<br> |
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| Sentence (3) should get a single Argument Structure, namely the following one:
| | [[File:Ingrid-s-cs.JPG|200px]] |
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| [[ File:Arose-a-storm-as.JPG | 340px]] | | [[File:Ingrid-s-fs.JPG|240px]] |
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| == Weather verbs and existential verbs in functional control constructions ==
| | [[File:Ingrid-s-as.JPG|120px]] |
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| Now, we are going to test whether your solution to the exercise in Unit 9 and your solutions to the two problems above work together correctly.
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| Add the following test items to your grammar and parse all items:
| | (4) '''Ingrid s car'''<br> |
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| (5) *There bought olives <br>
| | [[File:Ingrid-s-car-cs.JPG|300px]] |
| (6) *Ingrid rained<br>
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| (7) *There rained<br>
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| (8) *Ingrid arose a storm<br>
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| (9) *It arose a storm<br>
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| (10) *It tried to rain<br>
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| (11) *There tried to arise a storm<br>
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| (12) It seemed to rain<br>
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| (13) There seemed to arise a storm
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| The data above together with the data from Unit 9 illustrate the following generalizations:
| | [[File:Ingrid-s-car-fs.JPG|310px]] |
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| a. The verb ''buy'' tolerates as its SUBJ the word ''Ingrid'' but not the expletives ''it'' and ''there''.<br>
| | [[File:Ingrid-s-car-as.JPG|250px]] |
| b. The verb ''rain'' tolerates as its SUBJ the expletive ''it'' but not the words ''Ingrid'' and the expletive ''there''.<br>
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| c. The verb ''arise'' in its existential use tolerates as its SUBJ the expletive ''there'' but not the words ''Ingrid'' and the expletive ''it''.<br>
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| d. The verb ''buy'' can serve as the head of the complement of the control verb ''try'', but the verbs ''rain'' and ''arise'' cannot. In other words, you cannot embed a verb under ''try'' if that verb requires an expletive as its subject.<br>
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| e. All three verbs ''buy'', ''rain'' and ''arise'' can serve as the head of the complement of the raising verb ''seem''.
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| [[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] | | [[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']] [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']] [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']] [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']] [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']] [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']] [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']] [[Practical_Grammar_8|'''Week 8''']] [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] |
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| [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']] '''Week 11''' | | '''Week 11''' |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| | <!-- [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] --> |
Determiner Phrases with possessives
Exercise
In this exercise, you are supposed to add to the grammar (if necessary) the lexical entries and rules to license the following strings:
(1) the car
(2) my car
(3) Ingrid s
(4) Ingrid s car
Your grammar should output the following representations:
(1) the car
(2) my car
(3) Ingrid s
(4) Ingrid s car
