Constraint-based Syntax 2: Week 3: Difference between revisions
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== Clauses and non-clauses == | == Clauses and non-clauses == | ||
Following traditional grammar, GS make use of the concept of '''clauses''', i.e. declarative clauses, interrogative clauses, etc. All clauses are phrases, but there are of course non-clausal phrases as well, for instance, VPs, NPs, APs, and PPs. In order to license these non-clausal phrases, GS postulate the following subtypes of ''hd-comp-ph'', to which we have added the subtype ''sbjn-vp'' to license subjunctive VPs: | Following traditional grammar, GS make use of the concept of '''clauses''', i.e. declarative clauses, interrogative clauses, etc. All clauses are phrases, but there are of course non-clausal phrases as well, for instance, VPs, NPs, APs, and PPs. In order to license these non-clausal phrases, GS postulate the following subtypes of ''hd-comp-ph'', to which we have added the subtype ''sbjn-vp'' to license subjunctive VPs. The crucial difference between the phrases is the choice of the head, as shown in the table: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Subtype !! Full name !! Distinctive property !! Example | ! Subtype of ''hd-comp-ph'' !! Full name !! Distinctive property !! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''fin-vp'' || Finite verb phrase || the head is V[fin] || snores, likes Fido | | ''fin-vp'' || Finite verb phrase || the head is V[fin] || snores, likes Fido | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sbjn-vp'' || Subjunctive verb phrase || the head is V[sbjn] || be, dance, | | ''sbjn-vp'' || Subjunctive verb phrase || the head is V[sbjn] || be happy, dance, give Lilly a book | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''nf-hc-ph'' || Non-finite head-complement phrase || the head is a non-finite V or N,A,P || dancing, depended on Fido, afraid of Fido, picture of Lilly | | ''nf-hc-ph'' || Non-finite head-complement phrase || the head is a non-finite V or N, A, P || dancing, depended on Fido, afraid of Fido, picture of Lilly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''cp-ph'' || Complementizer phrase || the head is C || that Lilly danced, for Lilly to like Fido | | ''cp-ph'' || Complementizer phrase || the head is C || that Lilly danced, for Lilly to like Fido | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
; Note: | |||
: The four subtypes of ''hd-comp-ph'' listed above are '''all''' the subtypes of ''hd-comp-ph'' that exist in this grammar and they are mutually incompatible. This means that every every ''hd-comp-ph'' must also be '''one and only one''' of its maximal subtypes! As a consequence, in the online grammar you will never see the type ''hd-comp-ph''; instead, when a head combines with its complements, the program will display one of the maximal four subtypes listed in the table. | |||
Exercise: parse all of the examples above and examine the structure of the respective phrases and how they are licensed by the information in the head daughter (HEAD, VFORM, and COMPS). | Exercise: parse all of the examples above and examine the structure of the respective phrases and how they are licensed by the information in the head daughter (HEAD, VFORM, and COMPS). | ||
Revision as of 07:43, 27 April 2017
Maximal phrase types
In Week 1, the following 3 phrase types were introduced: hd-subj-ph, hd-spr-ph, and hd-comp-ph.
Head-Specifier Phrases
Exercise: parse the 3 expressions cat, a, and a cat in order to see how the valence features of the noun drive the formation of the hd-spr-ph the cat.
Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background
For the moment, there is little more to say about head-specifier phrases.
Clauses and non-clauses
Following traditional grammar, GS make use of the concept of clauses, i.e. declarative clauses, interrogative clauses, etc. All clauses are phrases, but there are of course non-clausal phrases as well, for instance, VPs, NPs, APs, and PPs. In order to license these non-clausal phrases, GS postulate the following subtypes of hd-comp-ph, to which we have added the subtype sbjn-vp to license subjunctive VPs. The crucial difference between the phrases is the choice of the head, as shown in the table:
| Subtype of hd-comp-ph | Full name | Distinctive property | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| fin-vp | Finite verb phrase | the head is V[fin] | snores, likes Fido |
| sbjn-vp | Subjunctive verb phrase | the head is V[sbjn] | be happy, dance, give Lilly a book |
| nf-hc-ph | Non-finite head-complement phrase | the head is a non-finite V or N, A, P | dancing, depended on Fido, afraid of Fido, picture of Lilly |
| cp-ph | Complementizer phrase | the head is C | that Lilly danced, for Lilly to like Fido |
- Note
- The four subtypes of hd-comp-ph listed above are all the subtypes of hd-comp-ph that exist in this grammar and they are mutually incompatible. This means that every every hd-comp-ph must also be one and only one of its maximal subtypes! As a consequence, in the online grammar you will never see the type hd-comp-ph; instead, when a head combines with its complements, the program will display one of the maximal four subtypes listed in the table.
Exercise: parse all of the examples above and examine the structure of the respective phrases and how they are licensed by the information in the head daughter (HEAD, VFORM, and COMPS).
Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background
Clauses
All clauses have in common that they are phrases and that they must have a content of type message, as follows:
| Clause type | Full name | Content value | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| decl-clause | declarative clause | austinian | Lilly danced. |
| inter-clause | interrogative clause | question | Does Lilly dance?, Who danced? |
| imp-clause | imperative clause | outcome | Dance! |
| excl-clause | exclamative clause | fact | What a cat!, Is Lilly smart! |
Head-Complement Phrases
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