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[[Syntax_1_Wiki|Syntax 1 Wiki]]
[[Constraint-based_Syntax_2|Syntax 2]]
[[Grammar-Writing|Grammar Writing]]
[[GS-2000|Ginzburg and Sag (2000)]]
[[HPSG|Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar]]
[[Syntax_1_Wiki_Aenderungen|Syntax 1 Wiki: Änderungen]]
<center>
<embedvideo service="youtube" dimensions="400">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRiX8Jiq_Z4</embedvideo>
</center>
[ Parts of the clause]
<!-- This is a comment -->
  &forall;''x'' ('''cat'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''('''likes(''y'', ''x''))
  &sup;  &and; &not;  &or; &equiv; &forall;  &exist; &aelig; &oplus; &Oslash; &rArr; <u>Unterstrichen</u> &rarr; &rArr;
Text davor
<blockquote>Blockquote</blockquote>
Text danach
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<font size="3">
Font size 3
</font>
<span style="color: red>Text color</span>
[<sub>NP</sub> labeled brackets ]
Superscripts<sup>1</sup>
Definitionsliste:
;Begriff 1
: Beschreibung 1
;Begriff 2
: Beschreibung 2-1
: Beschreibung 2-2
Text einrücken:
: Einfache Einrückung
:: Doppelte Einrückung
::::: Mehrfache Einrückung
Nummered list:
# Erstes Element der ersten Ebene
## Erstes Element der zweiten Ebene
## Zweites Element der zweiten Ebene
# Zweites Element
Bulleted lists:
* Erstes Element der ersten Ebene
** Erstes Element der zweiten Ebene
** Zweites Element der zweiten Ebene
* Zweites Element
[[File:employees.jpg]]
[[File:books.jpg]]
[[File:iphones.png]]
[[File:pos-jpg.jpg]]
[[File:pos-v-1.jpg]]
[[File:pos-v-2.jpg]]
=== Establishing the head of a phrase ===
Establish what phrase the words below form and identify the head of the phrase!
<quiz display=simple>
{ ''Example:'' <span style="color: blue>surprised them.</span>
| type="{}" }
The words above form a  { VP _5}. The head of this phrase is the { verb _12}  { surprised _15}.
</quiz>
<quiz display=simple>
{ ''Example:'' <span style="color: blue>with a friend.</span>
| type="{}" }
The words above form a  { PP _5}. The head of this phrase is the { preposition _12}  { with _15}.
</quiz>
=== Valence ===
2. Kim needs new shoes.
3.  Kim talked to the student.
4. Kim sent the student to Robin.
5. Kim lent Robin a bicycle.
6. Kim told Robin that the student likes her.
7. Kim suggested to Robin that the student likes her.
8. Kim  wants [to eat an apple.]
9. Kim  believes Robin to like the student.
10. Kim seems to like the student.
11. Kim is intelligent.
12. Kim found the movie interesting.
13. Kim talked to Robin about the student.
14. Kim saw Robin talk to the student.
15. The student amuses Kim.
16. Kim came out of the room.
</font>
=== Words ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb !! SUBJ !! COMPS
|-
| snore || <NP> || <>
|-
| own || <NP> || <NP>
|-
| put || <NP> || <NP,NP>
|}
Verb        SUBJ        COMPS
snore        <NP>        <>
own          <NP>        <NP>
put          <NP>        <NP,PP>
When you look up the word <span style="color: blue>scissors</span> in the [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com Oxford Learner's Dictionary], you are given the following information about it:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Phonology || scissors
|-
| Part of speech || noun
|-
| Number || plural
|-
| Content || a tool for cutting paper ...
|}
The following representation shows how we will structure the information in a word in this course:
[[File:Sign.jpg]]
<quiz display=simple>
{Determine the syntactic categories of the following groups of words in the sentences.<br />Use the following labels: AP, AdvP, NP, PP, VP. Write "-" if the group of words does not form a constitutent.<br />
''Example:'' ['''S''': Pat ['''VP''': will ['''VP''': wait ['''PP''': for Alex]]]]
|type="{}"}
a. [{ S _2}: Alex [{ VP _3 }: talked [{ PP _3 }: to [{ NP _3 }: my best friend]]]]
b. [{ S _2 }: [{ NP _3 }: The president] [{ VP _3}: announced ['''CP''': that [{ S _2 }: there [{ VP _3 }: will [{ VP _3 }: be [{ NP _3 }: no further taxes]]]]]]].
</quiz>
<quiz display=simple>
{Analyze the following phrases:
|type="{}"}
read the paper
Head: {  read _15 } Category: { V _5 }<br />
||Head: read Category: V
Complement 1: {  the paper_15 } Category: { NP  _5 } <br />
Complement 2:  { -  _15 }  Category: { - _5 }<br />
</quiz>
http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Syntax/Syntax
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLvv_5meRNMp Parts of the clause]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pF0RgB1dZTU A video on constituent tests]
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRiX8Jiq_Z4 A video on the concept '''grammar''']
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLvv_5meRNM Sentence meaning]
<iframe width="420" height="315"
src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JRiX8Jiq_Z4">
</iframe>
<!-- This is a comment -->
<!-- This is a comment -->
<!--  &forall;''x'' ('''cat'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''('''likes(''y'', ''x'')) -->
<!--  &forall;''x'' ('''cat'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''('''likes(''y'', ''x'')) -->
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-->
 
=== Quantification ===
=== Quantification ===
----
----
Line 71: Line 316:
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
'''Exercise 2''' Assume that I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''cat1''>,<''cat2''>,<''cat3''>}. What values of I('''lilly''') would make the formula '''&not;cat<sup>1</sup>(lilly)''' true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
For I('''lilly'''), each of the following 3 values will make &not;'''cat<sup>1</sup>(lilly)''' true in M.:<br>
a. I('''lilly''') = ''dog1'' , or<br>
b. I('''lilly''') = ''dog2'' , or<br>
c. I('''lilly''') = ''dog3''.
We prove this for case (a):
1. [[<nowiki />'''&not;cat<sup>1</sup>(lilly)''']]<sup>M</sup> = 1 iff [[<nowiki />'''cat<sup>1</sup>(lilly)''']]<sup>M</sup> = 0<br>
2. iff <[[<nowiki />'''lilly''']]<sup>M</sup>> &notin; I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>)<br>
3. iff <I('''lilly''')> &notin; I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>)<br>
4. iff <''dog1''> &notin; {<''cat1''>,<''cat2''>,<''cat3''>}.<br>
Hence: since (4) is the case, so are (3), (2), and the righthand side of (1). Finally, since the righthand side of (1) is the case, the lefthand side is the case as well. Hence  [[<nowiki />'''&not;cat<sup>1</sup>(lilly)''']]<sup>M</sup> is true in model M. That is what we intended to prove!
</div>
</div>
'''Exercise 3''' Look at the following English sentences:
i. Every cat is an animal.<br>
ii. Every dog is an animal.<br>
iii. Every animal is either a dog or a cat.<br>
iv. No cat is a dog.
Suppose that for each of these sentences we have a formula of first order logic with the same meaning as the sentence. Assume furthermore that '''cat'''<sup>1</sup>, '''dog'''<sup>1</sup>, and '''animal'''<sup>1</sup> are predicates in the logical language.
Without specifying precise logical formalae at this point, give plausible values of I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>),  I('''dog'''<sup>1</sup>), and I('''animal'''<sup>1</sup>) that will make the logical formulae corresponding to the 4 English sentences above true in M.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''cat1''>,<''cat2''>,<''cat3''>}<br>
I('''dog'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''dog1''>,<''dog2''>,<''dog3''>}<br>
I('''animal'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''cat1''>,<''cat2''>,<''cat3''>,<''dog1''>,<''dog2''>,<''dog3''>}
Note that I('''animal'''<sup>1</sup>) = I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>) &cup; I('''dog'''<sup>1</sup>).
</div>
</div>
'''Exercise 4''' Assume a model M = <''U'',I> as described below:
''U'' = {''cat1,cat2,cat3,dog1,dog2,dog3''}<br>
I('''lilly''') = ''cat1''<br>
I('''fido''') = ''dog2''<br>
I('''cat'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''cat1''>,<''cat2''>,<''cat3''>}<br>
I('''dog'''<sup>1</sup>) = {<''dog1''>,<''dog2''>,<''dog3''>}<br>
I('''animal'''<sup>1</sup>) = {''cat1,cat2,cat3,dog1,dog2,dog3''}
a. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula '''likes<sup>2</sup>(lilly,fido)''' is true in M and the formula '''likes<sup>2</sup>(fido,lilly)''' is false in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The pair <''cat1,dog2''> is a member of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>), whereas the pair <''dog2,cat1''> is not a member of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
b. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''Lilly likes a dog.'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
At least one of the pairs <''cat1,dog1''>, <''cat1,dog2''>, <''cat1,dog3''> is a member of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
c. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''Lilly likes every dog.'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
All the pairs <''cat1,dog1''>, <''cat1,dog2''>, <''cat1,dog3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
d. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''Every cat likes every dog.'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
All the pairs <''cat1,dog1''>, <''cat1,dog2''>, <''cat1,dog3''>, <''cat2,dog1''>, <''cat2,dog2''>, <''cat2,dog3''>, <''cat3,dog1''>, <''cat3,dog2''>, <''cat3,dog3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
e. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''There is some cat which likes every dog.'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Either the three pairs <''cat1,dog1''>, <''cat1,dog2''>, <''cat1,dog3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) or the three pairs <''cat2,dog1''>, <''cat2,dog2''>, <''cat2,dog3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>), or the three pairs <''cat3,dog1''>, <''cat3,dog2''>, <''cat3,dog3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
f. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''Some cat likes some dog.'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
One of the pairs <''cat1,dog1''>, <''cat1,dog2''>, <''cat1,dog3''>, <''cat2,dog1''>, <''cat2,dog2''>, <''cat2,dog3''>, <''cat3,dog1''>, <''cat3,dog2''>, <''cat3,dog3''> is a member of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
g. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''A cat likes a dog and a dog likes a cat'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Note that the sentence does not require that the cats and the dogs in the two relationships are the same. Hence:
There are a and b &isin; {''cat1, cat2, cat3''} and there are c and d &isin; {''dog1, dog2, dog3''} such that<br>
<a,c> and <d,b> are both members  of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
h. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''There is a cat and there is a dog for whom''<br>
''it is true that the cat likes the dog and the dog likes the cat'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
This time the cat and the dog have to be the same. Hence:
There is an a &isin; {''cat1, cat2, cat3''} and there is a c &isin; {''dog1, dog2, dog3''} such that<br>
<a,c> and <c,a> are both members  of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
i. What has to be true of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>) if the formula corresponding to the English sentence ''Every cat likes herself'' is true in M?
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
All the pairs <''cat1,cat1''>,  <''cat2,cat2''>, and <''cat3,cat3''> are members of I('''likes'''<sup>2</sup>).
</div>
</div>
'''Exercise 5''' Translate the following English sentences into first order predicate logic. Give what you think is the most likely reading of the English sentence.
a. Lucy is a student.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''student(lucy)'''
</div>
</div>
b. Lucy knows a student.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''know'''('''lucy''',''x''))
</div>
</div>
c. Every student likes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x'' ('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'','''linguistics'''))
</div>
</div>
d. Not every student likes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'','''linguistics'''))
</div>
</div>
e. If every student likes linguistics, then Lucy likes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'','''linguistics''')) &sup; '''like'''('''lucy''','''linguistics''')
</div>
</div>
f. Some student does't like linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &not;'''like'''(''x'','''linguistics'''))
</div>
</div>
g. Not one student likes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'','''linguistics'''))
</div>
</div>
h. Every smart student takes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x''(('''student'''(''x'') &and; '''smart'''(''x'')) : '''take'''(''x'','''linguistics'''))
</div>
</div>
i. No smart student gives a bad presentation.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&exist;''x''(('''student'''(''x'') &and; '''smart'''(''x'')) : &exist;''y''(('''presentation'''(''y'') &and; '''bad'''(''y'')) : '''give'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
j. Every student likes an interesting presentation.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''(('''presentation'''(''y'') &and; '''interesting'''(''y'')) : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
k. One presentation intrigued every student but that presentation did not intrigue any professor.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''presentation'''(''x'') : (&forall;''y''('''student'''(''y'') : '''intrigue'''(''x'',''y'') &and; &not;&exist;''z''('''professor'''(''z'') : '''intrigue'''(''x'',''z'')))))
</div>
</div>
l. For every student there is a professor that this student does not like.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''('''professor'''(''y'') : &not;'''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
m. Some student does not like any professor.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &not;&exist;''y''('''professor'''(''y'') : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
n. Not every student likes a professor.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''('''professor'''(''y'') : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
o. A professor likes every student who likes linguistics.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''professor'''(''x'') : &forall;''y''(('''student'''(''y'') &and; '''like'''(''y'','''linguistics''')) : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
p. A professor likes every student who gives a good presentation.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''professor(''x'') : &forall;''y''(('''student'''(''y'') &and; &exist;''z''(('''presentation'''(''z'') &and; good(''z'')) : give(''y'',''z'')) : '''like'''(''x'',''y''))
</div>
</div>
q. Some professor who smokes likes no student who smokes.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''(('''professor'''(''x'') &and; '''smoke'''(''x'')) : &not;&exist;''y''(('''student'''(''y'') &and; '''smoke'''(''y'')) : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
r. A professor who smokes likes every student who does not smoke.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''(('''professor'''(''x'') &and; '''smoke'''(''x'')) : &forall;''y''(('''student'''(''y'') &and; &not;'''smoke'''(''y'')) : '''like'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
s. Every student likes herself.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'',''x''))
</div>
</div>
t. One student does not like herself.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &not;'''like'''(''x'',''x''))
</div>
</div>
u. No student likes herself.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'',''x''))
</div>
</div>
v. Not every student likes herself.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&not;&forall;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : '''like'''(''x'',''x''))
</div>
</div>
w. Lucy likes herself.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
'''like'''('''lucy,lucy''')
</div>
</div>
x. One student knows a professor who does not know him.
<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:800px">
Check your answer
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
&exist;''x''('''student'''(''x'') : &exist;''y''(('''professor'''(''y'') &and; &not;'''know'''(''y'',''x'')) : '''know'''(''x'',''y'')))
</div>
</div>
-->
[[Quiz question types]]

Latest revision as of 08:16, 10 October 2017

Syntax 1 Wiki

Syntax 2


Grammar Writing

Ginzburg and Sag (2000)

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar

Syntax 1 Wiki: Änderungen



[ Parts of the clause] 

 ∀x (cat(x) : ∃y(likes(y, x)) 
 ⊃  ∧ ¬  ∨ ≡ ∀   ∃ æ ⊕ Ø ⇒ Unterstrichen → ⇒

Text davor

Blockquote

Text danach


Font size 3

Text color

[NP labeled brackets ]

Superscripts1

Definitionsliste:

Begriff 1
Beschreibung 1
Begriff 2
Beschreibung 2-1
Beschreibung 2-2

Text einrücken:

Einfache Einrückung
Doppelte Einrückung
Mehrfache Einrückung

Nummered list:

  1. Erstes Element der ersten Ebene
    1. Erstes Element der zweiten Ebene
    2. Zweites Element der zweiten Ebene
  2. Zweites Element

Bulleted lists:

  • Erstes Element der ersten Ebene
    • Erstes Element der zweiten Ebene
    • Zweites Element der zweiten Ebene
  • Zweites Element



Employees.jpg Books.jpg Iphones.png Pos-jpg.jpg Pos-v-1.jpg Pos-v-2.jpg






Establishing the head of a phrase

Establish what phrase the words below form and identify the head of the phrase!

Example: surprised them.

The words above form a

. The head of this phrase is the

.


Example: with a friend.

The words above form a

. The head of this phrase is the

.


Valence

2. Kim needs new shoes. 3. Kim talked to the student. 4. Kim sent the student to Robin. 5. Kim lent Robin a bicycle. 6. Kim told Robin that the student likes her. 7. Kim suggested to Robin that the student likes her. 8. Kim wants [to eat an apple.] 9. Kim believes Robin to like the student. 10. Kim seems to like the student. 11. Kim is intelligent. 12. Kim found the movie interesting. 13. Kim talked to Robin about the student. 14. Kim saw Robin talk to the student. 15. The student amuses Kim. 16. Kim came out of the room.









Words

Verb SUBJ COMPS
snore <NP> <>
own <NP> <NP>
put <NP> <NP,NP> 


Verb         SUBJ         COMPS

snore        <NP>         <>
own          <NP>         <NP>
put          <NP>         <NP,PP>



When you look up the word scissors in the Oxford Learner's Dictionary, you are given the following information about it:

Phonology scissors
Part of speech noun
Number plural
Content a tool for cutting paper ...

The following representation shows how we will structure the information in a word in this course:

Sign.jpg



Determine the syntactic categories of the following groups of words in the sentences.
Use the following labels: AP, AdvP, NP, PP, VP. Write "-" if the group of words does not form a constitutent.
Example: [S: Pat [VP: will [VP: wait [PP: for Alex]]]]

a. [

Alex [

talked [

to [

my best friend]]]]
b. [

[

The president] [

announced [CP: that [

there [

will [

be [

no further taxes]]]]]]].




Analyze the following phrases:

read the paper
Head:

Category:


Complement 1:

Category:


Complement 2:

Category:



http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Syntax/Syntax

Parts of the clause

A video on constituent tests

A video on the concept grammar

Sentence meaning


<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JRiX8Jiq_Z4"> </iframe>








Quiz question types

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