Practical Grammar CompClauses: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <font size="3"> == Complement Clauses == <span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span> * Add the words in the following sentences: (1) Fred thinks that Lilly disappeared<br> (2) Fred enquires whether Lilly disappeared Implement the following: # ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer). # Complementizers head CPs. # CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the...")
 
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== Complement Clauses ==
== Complement Clauses ==


<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span>
Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:
 
* Add the words in the following sentences:


(1) Fred thinks that Lilly disappeared<br>
(1) Fred thinks that Lilly disappeared<br>
(2) Fred enquires whether Lilly disappeared
(2) Fred enquires whether Lilly disappeared


Implement the following:
There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need
 
# lexical items for the new verbs
# lexical items for the two complementizers ''that'' and ''whether''
# two new phrase structure rules.
 
We make the following assumptions:


# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).  
# ''that'' and ''whether'' belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).  
Line 17: Line 21:
# CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the CP.
# CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the CP.
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and a CP. The CP bears the GF '''COMP'''.
# You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and a CP. The CP bears the GF '''COMP'''.
# Complementizers have no PRED value.


* Make any further changes that are necessary to obtain the f-structure (10) on p. 101 for (1), with one exception: your grammar will not contain the information [CLTYPE DECL] in the main f-structure! For sentence (2), you should obtain an f-structure which is identical to that of sentence (1), with the exception that the CLTYPE of the COMP in (2) should be INTER.
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 9 </span>
 
Check what your grammar predicts for the following examples:
 
(3) *Fred thinks whether Lilly disappeared<br>
(4) *Fred enquires that Lilly disappeared
 
If your grammar licenses these examples, then add information to it that makes it impossible to derive a well formed f-structure for them.
 
Hint: think about the function of each of the complementizers!
 
== Subject Clauses ==
 
''That''- and ''whether''-clauses can also act as subjects:
 
1. That Lilly disappeared sucks<br>
2. Whether Lilly disappeared is unknown
 
Of course, the complementizers are still bound to their clause types:
 
3. *Whether Lilly disappeared sucks<br>
 
<span style="color: blue>Exercise 8.2</span>
 
* Go to <span class="newwin">[https://xlfg.labri.fr/ https://xlfg.labri.fr/]</span>.
<!-- * Open your latest grammar or start with a copy of Grammar5-.Ex8.1-solution. -->
* Add the sentences above to your test items.
* Change the grammar so that it makes the correct predictions for all test items.
 
Your grammar should yield the following Argument Structure for sentence (1):<br>
 
[[File:Sucks.JPG|500px]]
 
Your grammar should yield the following Argument Structure for sentence (2):<br>
 
[[File:Unknown.JPG|500px]]
 
Notes:
 
a. treat ''is'' as a verb which combines with a COMP and an OBJ.<br>
b. treat ''unknown'' as an adjective.
 
 
 
<!--
== The Difference between Defining Equations and Constraining Equations ==
 
There are several types of equations that can be used in annotations. So far, we have encountered the following two:
 
(1) ↑=↓1; <br>
(2) (↑ OBJ) =↓2;
 
These equations are both defining equations.
 
'''Defining equations''' add their information to an f-structure.
 
There is a second kind of equation, which we have not seen yet, but which you will need for the following exercise. These are called constraininig equations.
 
'''Constraininig equations''' test whether their information is contained in an f-structure. They do NOT add the information themselves.
 
Illustration:
 
Case 1:
 
Imagine you have the following defining equation:
 
(↑ TENSE) = pres;
 
* it turns the f-structure [] into the f-structure [TENSE pres], i.e. it adds its information to the f-structure.
* it turns the f-structure [TENSE pres] into the f-structure [TENSE pres], i.e. it adds its information to the f-structure. If the information was already there, the f-structure remains the same.
 
Case 2:
 
Now, imagine you have the following constraining equation:
 
(↑ TENSE) =<sub>c</sub> pres
 
* it marks the f-structure [] as ill-formed, since it does not contain the information TENSE pres, i.e. the constraining equation is a test on an f-structure.
* it marks the f-structure [TENSE pres] as well-formed, but does not change it.
 
When to use a constraining equation:
 
'''Constraining equations''' are used when one item depends on some other item's adding a particular piece of information to an f-structure.
 
=== The Syntax of Constraining equations in xlfg ===
 
Since xlfg does not use subscripts, it uses "==" as constraining equations.
 
Illustration:
 
'''<span style="color: red>(↑ TENSE) =<sub>c</sub> pres</span>''' becomes '''<span style="color: blue>(↑ TENSE) == pres;</span>''' in xlfg.
-->
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  [[Practical_Grammar |'''Main page''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_2|'''Week 2''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_3|'''Week 3''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_4|'''Week 4''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_5|'''Week 5''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_6|'''Week 6''']]  [[Practical_Grammar_7_new|'''Week 7''']]  '''Week 8'''  [[Practical_Grammar_9|'''Week 9''']] 
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<!--   [[Practical_Grammar_10|'''Week 10''']]    [[Practical_Grammar_11|'''Week 11''']] [[Practical_Grammar_12|'''Term Paper Project''']] -->
1. Open Grammar 9<br>
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.<br>
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

Latest revision as of 07:18, 25 July 2025

Complement Clauses

Next, we come to the exciting topic of complement (= subordinate) clauses. Here are two examples:

(1) Fred thinks that Lilly disappeared
(2) Fred enquires whether Lilly disappeared

There is nothing really special about these structures. As with prepositional phrases, we need

  1. lexical items for the new verbs
  2. lexical items for the two complementizers that and whether
  3. two new phrase structure rules.

We make the following assumptions:

  1. that and whether belong to the part of speech C (= complementizer).
  2. Complementizers head CPs.
  3. CPs take two daughers: a C and an IP. The two daughters are co-heads of the CP.
  4. You need to add a new VP rule which allows a VP to consist of a V and a CP. The CP bears the GF COMP.
  5. Complementizers have no PRED value.

Exercise 9

1. Open Grammar 9
2. Implement the analysis for sentences (1)-(2) as described above.
3. Parse. Your output should look exactly like the output decribed in the document Exercise-9-expected-output.pdf on Olat.

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