Evidence for Constituents: Difference between revisions

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(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)


===<span style="color:#cc0000">Preposing</span>===
=<span style="color:#cc0000">Preposing</span>=
 
==<span style="color:#cc0000">Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.</span>==


(1) I cant stand your elder sister .
(1) I cant stand your elder sister .


(2)
(2)
a.


<span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder sister</span> I can’t stand.


b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span> .
b. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your elder</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">sister</span> .
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e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span> .
e. * <span style="color:#0000ff">Your</span> I can’t stand <span style="color:#ff0000">elder sister</span> .


Generalization:
=<span style="color:#cc0000">Pronouns</span>=
 
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''2 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">Coordination, 1</span>
 
(3)
 
a.
 
John wrote <span style="color:#0000ff">to Mary</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">to Fred</span> (= <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> )
 
b.
 
John wrote <span style="color:#ff0000">a letter</span> and <span style="color:#ff0000">a postcard</span> (= <span style="color:#ff0000">NP</span> and <span style="color:#ff0000">NP</span> )
 
c. * John wrote <span style="color:#ff0000">a letter</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">to Fred</span> (= <span style="color:#ff0000">NP</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> )
 
d. * John wrote <span style="color:#0000ff">to Fred</span> and <span style="color:#ff0000">a letter</span> (= <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> and <span style="color:#ff0000">NP</span> )
 
Generalization:
 
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''3 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">Coordination, 2</span>
 
(4)
 
a. Good <span style="color:#0000ff">linguists</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">philosophers</span> are rare (N and N)
 
b. John is a very <span style="color:#0000ff">kind</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">considerate</span> person (A and A)


c. There are arguments <span style="color:#0000ff">for</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">against</span> this claim (P and P)
==<span style="color:#cc0000">Pronouns replace NPs</span>==
 
d. J.R. <span style="color:#0000ff">walks</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">talks</span> like a true Texan (V and V)
 
e. You can bring <span style="color:#0000ff">these</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">those</span> books (D and D)
 
f. He opened the door quite <span style="color:#0000ff">slowly</span> and <span style="color:#0000ff">deliberately</span> (ADV and ADV)
 
Generalization:
 
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''4 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">Coordination, 3</span>
 
(5)
 
a. [ <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> The man next door] and [ <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> his wife] are very nice.
 
b. He is a [ <span style="color:#0000ff">AP</span> very shy] and [ <span style="color:#0000ff">AP</span> rather inarticulate] man.
 
c. He went [ <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> to London] and [ <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> to Paris].
 
d. He may [ <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> go to London] and [ <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> visit his mother].
 
e. John drives [ <span style="color:#0000ff">ADVP</span> very slowly] and [ <span style="color:#0000ff">ADVP</span> very carefully].
 
Generalization:
 
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''5 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
=== <span style="color:#0000ff">Proforms</span> ===
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''6 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">Pronouns replace NPs</span>


(6)
(6)


a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span>
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">book</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>?


<span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span> ?
b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span> .


b. SPEAKER B: I cant stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span> .
c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">N</span> <span style="color:##0000ff">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span><span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span>


(7)
==<span style="color:#cc0000">''there''</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces PPs</span>==
 
a. * What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">it</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on Transformational Grammar</span> ?
 
b.
 
What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span> ?
 
Generalization:
 
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only whole noun phrases can be replaced by personal pronouns.'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''7 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">there</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces PPs</span>


(8)
(8)
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b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span> .
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span> .


<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
==<span style="color:#cc0000">''do so''</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces VPs</span>==


<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
(9) Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span> .
 
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''8 / 1'''</span>
 
 
----
 
 
<span style="color:#cc0000">do so</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces VPs</span>
 
(9)
 
Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span> .


(10)
(10)
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c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span> , too.
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span> , too.
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''9 / 1'''</span>
----
(11)
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Cars]</span> can be useful.
b. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Fast cars]</span> can be useful.
c. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Very fast cars]</span> can be useful.
d. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Those very fast cars]</span> can be useful.
e. Do <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> turn you on?
(12)
a. I really enjoy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> .
b. Im just crazy about <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> .
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span>
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span>
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''10 / 1'''</span>

Latest revision as of 08:14, 15 October 2025

(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)

Preposing

Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.

(1) I cant stand your elder sister .

(2)

a. Your elder sister I can’t stand.

b. * Your elder I can’t stand sister .

c. * Elder sister I can’t stand your .

d. * Sister I can’t stand your elder .

e. * Your I can’t stand elder sister .

Pronouns

Pronouns replace NPs

(6)

a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of [ NP the [ N guy] who wrote that unbelievably boring book onTransformational Grammar]?

b. SPEAKER B: I can't stand [ NP him] .

c. SPEAKER B: *I can't stand [ NP the [ N him] who wrote that unbelievably boring [ N book] onTransformational Grammar]

there replaces PPs

(8)

a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been [ PP to Paris] ?

b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been [ PP there] .

do so replaces VPs

(9) Lilly [ VP went home early] .

(10)

a. Sandy [ VP did so] , too.

b. Sandy will [ VP do so] , too.

c. Sandy might [ VP do so] , too.

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