|
|
| Line 60: |
Line 60: |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| === Raising ===
| |
|
| |
|
| * There is a special verb class called subject raising verbs.
| |
| * These verbs are easy to identify by applying the following tests.
| |
| * If the verb passes theses tests, then it is a subject raising verbs.
| |
| * Usually, if the verb passes one of these tests, then it passes all of them.
| |
|
| |
| === Subject raising verb Test Nr. 1===
| |
|
| |
| If the verb V takes a non-finite VP-complement headed by the verb '''rain''', then V must take the idiomatic word it as its subject.
| |
|
| |
| Illustration:
| |
|
| |
| (1)<br>
| |
| a. <span style="color: blue>It<sub>idiom</sub></span> <span style="color: blue>rained</sub></span>.<br>
| |
| b. <span style="color: blue>It<sub>idiom</sub></span> will <span style="color: blue>rain</sub></span>.<br>
| |
|
| |
| (2)<br>
| |
| a. * <span style="color: blue>The student</sub></span> <span style="color: blue>rained</sub></span>.<br>
| |
| b. * <span style="color: blue>The student</sub></span> will <span style="color: blue>rain</sub></span>.
| |
|
| |
| === Subject raising verb Test Nr. 2 ===
| |
|
| |
| If the verb V takes a non-finite VP-complement headed by a verb that selects an idiomatic NP as its subject, then V must take this idiomatic NP as V’s subject.
| |
|
| |
| Illustration:
| |
|
| |
| (1)<br>
| |
| a. <span style="color: blue>All hell<sub>idiom</sub></span> <span style="color: blue>broke<sub>idiom</sub></span> loose.<br>
| |
| b. <span style="color: blue>All hell<sub>idiom</sub></span> will <span style="color: blue>break<sub>idiom</sub></span> loose.
| |
|
| |
| (2)<br>
| |
| a. * <span style="color: blue>An accident<sub>idiom</sub></span> <span style="color: blue>broke<sub>idiom</sub></span> loose.<br>
| |
| b. * <span style="color: blue>An accident<sub>idiom</sub></span> will <span style="color: blue>break<sub>idiom</sub></span> loose.
| |
|
| |
| === Subject raising verb Test Nr. 3 ===
| |
|
| |
| If the verb V takes a non-finite VP-complement headed by a verb that imposes semantic requirements on its subject, then V must impose those same semantic requirements on V’s subject.
| |
| Illustration:
| |
|
| |
| The verb kill only requires of its subject that it express some kind of force that kills the referent of the direct object. That force can be alive or not:
| |
|
| |
| (3)<br>
| |
| a. The student willV kill the politician.<br>
| |
| b. The accident willV kill the politician.
| |
|
| |
| In contrast, the verb assassinate requires its subject to express a person. Forces cannot assassinate anyone!
| |
|
| |
| (4)<br>
| |
| a. The student willV assassinate the politician.<br>
| |
| b. * The accident willV assassinate the politician.
| |
|
| |
| The same case can be made with the verbs like (which requires a living being as its subject) or happen (which requires an event as its subject).
| |
|
| |
| === Subject raising verb Test Nr. 4 ===
| |
|
| |
| If the verb V takes a non-finite VP-complement headed by a verb that selects a subject of a particular syntactic category, then V must select a subject of the same syntactic category.
| |
|
| |
| Illustration:
| |
|
| |
| The verb like requires its subject to be an NP:
| |
|
| |
| (5)<br>
| |
| a. [<sub>NP</sub> The student] willV like the politician.<br>
| |
| b. * [<sub>S</sub> That the student smokes] willV like the politician.
| |
|
| |
| In contrast, the verb annoy allows its subject to be an NP or an S:
| |
|
| |
| (6)<br>
| |
| a. [<sub>NP</sub> The student] willV annoy the politician.<br>
| |
| b. [<sub>S</sub> That the student smokes] willV annoy the politician.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| <span style="color: blue>The student</sub></span>
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Will.JPG|350px]]
| |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
