Evidence for Constituents: Difference between revisions
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(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2) | (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2) | ||
===<span style="color:#cc0000">Preposing</span>=== | ===<span style="color:#cc0000">1. Preposing</span>=== | ||
(1) I cant stand your elder sister . | (1) I cant stand your elder sister . | ||
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<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.'''</span> | <span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.'''</span> | ||
===<span style="color:#cc0000">2. Pronouns</span>=== | |||
==<span style="color:#cc0000">2. Pronouns replace NPs</span>== | |||
(6) | |||
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">guy]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">[</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">N</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">book]</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on</span> | |||
<span style="color:#0000ff">Transformational Grammar]</span> ? | |||
b. SPEAKER B: I cant stand <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span> . | |||
(7) | |||
a. * What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">the</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">him</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">who wrote that unbelievably boring</span> <span style="color:#ff0000">it</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">on Transformational Grammar</span> ? | |||
b. | |||
What do you think of <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">him]</span> ? | |||
Generalization: | |||
<span style="color:#0000ff">'''Only whole noun phrases can be replaced by personal pronouns.'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''7 / 1'''</span> | |||
---- | |||
<span style="color:#cc0000">there</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces PPs</span> | |||
(8) | |||
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">to Paris]</span> ? | |||
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">PP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">there]</span> . | |||
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''8 / 1'''</span> | |||
---- | |||
<span style="color:#cc0000">do so</span> <span style="color:#cc0000">replaces VPs</span> | |||
(9) | |||
Lilly <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">went home early]</span> . | |||
(10) | |||
a. Sandy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">did so]</span> , too. | |||
b. Sandy will <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span> , too. | |||
c. Sandy might <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">VP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">do so]</span> , too. | |||
<span style="color:#f2f2f2">'''Prof. Gert Webelhuth'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8f0000">'''Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm]'''</span> <span style="color:#8f0000">'''(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:#7a0000">'''9 / 1'''</span> | |||
---- | |||
(11) | |||
a. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Cars]</span> can be useful. | |||
b. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Fast cars]</span> can be useful. | |||
c. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Very fast cars]</span> can be useful. | |||
d. <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">Those very fast cars]</span> can be useful. | |||
e. Do <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> turn you on? | |||
(12) | |||
a. I really enjoy <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> . | |||
b. Im just crazy about <span style="color:#0000ff">[</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">NP</span> <span style="color:#0000ff">very fast cars/cars]</span> . | |||
Revision as of 07:55, 15 October 2025
(Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
1. Preposing
(1) I cant stand your elder sister .
(2)
a. Your elder sister I can’t stand.
b. * Your elder I can’t stand sister .
c. * Elder sister I can’t stand your .
d. * Sister I can’t stand your elder .
e. * Your I can’t stand elder sister .
Generalization:
Only phrasal constituents (i.e. whole phrases) can undergo Preposing.
2. Pronouns
2. Pronouns replace NPs
(6)
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of [ NP the [ N guy] who wrote that unbelievably boring [ N book] on
Transformational Grammar] ?
b. SPEAKER B: I cant stand [ NP him] .
(7)
a. * What do you think of [ NP the him who wrote that unbelievably boring it on Transformational Grammar ?
b.
What do you think of [ NP him] ?
Generalization:
Only whole noun phrases can be replaced by personal pronouns.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
7 / 1
there replaces PPs
(8)
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been [ PP to Paris] ?
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been [ PP there] .
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
8 / 1
do so replaces VPs
(9)
Lilly [ VP went home early] .
(10)
a. Sandy [ VP did so] , too.
b. Sandy will [ VP do so] , too.
c. Sandy might [ VP do so] , too.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
9 / 1
(11)
a. [ NP Cars] can be useful.
b. [ NP Fast cars] can be useful.
c. [ NP Very fast cars] can be useful.
d. [ NP Those very fast cars] can be useful.
e. Do [ NP very fast cars/cars] turn you on?
(12)
a. I really enjoy [ NP very fast cars/cars] .
b. Im just crazy about [ NP very fast cars/cars] .
Coordination, 1
(3)
a. John wrote to Mary and to Fred (= PP and PP )
b. John wrote a letter and a postcard (= NP and NP )
c. * John wrote a letter and to Fred (= NP and PP )
d. * John wrote to Fred and a letter (= PP and NP )
Generalization:
Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.
Coordination, 2
(4)
a. Good linguists and philosophers are rare (N and N)
b. John is a very kind and considerate person (A and A)
c. There are arguments for and against this claim (P and P)
d. J.R. walks and talks like a true Texan (V and V)
e. You can bring these and those books (D and D)
f. He opened the door quite slowly and deliberately (ADV and ADV)
Generalization:
Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
4 / 1
Coordination, 3
(5)
a. [ NP The man next door] and [ NP his wife] are very nice.
b. He is a [ AP very shy] and [ AP rather inarticulate] man.
c. He went [ PP to London] and [ PP to Paris].
d. He may [ VP go to London] and [ VP visit his mother].
e. John drives [ ADVP very slowly] and [ ADVP very carefully].
Generalization:
Only identical categories can be conjoined, idiomatically.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
5 / 1
Proforms
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
6 / 1
Pronouns replace NPs
(6)
a. SPEAKER A: What do you think of [ NP the [ N guy] who wrote that unbelievably boring [ N book] on
Transformational Grammar] ?
b. SPEAKER B: I cant stand [ NP him] .
(7)
a. * What do you think of [ NP the him who wrote that unbelievably boring it on Transformational Grammar ?
b.
What do you think of [ NP him] ?
Generalization:
Only whole noun phrases can be replaced by personal pronouns.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
7 / 1
there replaces PPs
(8)
a. SPEAKER A: Have you ever been [ PP to Paris] ?
b. SPEAKER B: No, I have never been [ PP there] .
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
8 / 1
do so replaces VPs
(9)
Lilly [ VP went home early] .
(10)
a. Sandy [ VP did so] , too.
b. Sandy will [ VP do so] , too.
c. Sandy might [ VP do so] , too.
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
9 / 1
(11)
a. [ NP Cars] can be useful.
b. [ NP Fast cars] can be useful.
c. [ NP Very fast cars] can be useful.
d. [ NP Those very fast cars] can be useful.
e. Do [ NP very fast cars/cars] turn you on?
(12)
a. I really enjoy [ NP very fast cars/cars] .
b. Im just crazy about [ NP very fast cars/cars] .
Prof. Gert Webelhuth
Evidence for Syntactic Constituents[.5cm] (Based on Radford (1988), Chapter 2)
10 / 1