Constraint-based Syntax 2: Week 3: Difference between revisions

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== Maximal phrase types ==
 
In Week 1, the following 3 phrase types were introduced: hd-subj-ph, hd-spr-ph, and hd-comp-ph.
 
== Head-Specifier Phrases ==
 
Exercise: parse the 3 expressions ''cat'', ''a'', and ''a cat'' in order to see how the valence features of the noun drive the formation of the hd-spr-ph ''the cat''.
 
[http://141.2.159.95:7002/wt/ Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background]
 
For the moment, there is little more to say about head-specifier phrases.
 
== Clauses and non-clauses ==
 
Following traditional grammar, GS make use of the concept of clauses, i.e. declarative clauses, interrogative clauses, etc. All clauses are phrases, but there are of course non-clausal phrases as well, for instance, VPs, NPs, APs, and PPs. In order to license these non-clausal phrases, GS postulate the following subtypes of ''hd-comp-ph'', to which we have added the subtype ''sbjn-vp'' to license subjunctive VPs:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Subtype !! Full name !! Example
|-
| ''fin-vp'' || Finite verb phrase || snores, likes Fido
|-
| ''sbjn-vp'' || Subjunctive verb phrase || dance, smile
|-
|  ''nf-hc-ph'' || Non-finite head-complement phrase || dancing, depended on Fido, afraid of Fido, picture of Lilly
|-
| ''cp-ph'' || Complementizer phrase || that Lilly danced, for Lilly to like Fido
|-
|}
 
Exercise: parse all of the examples above and examine the structure of the respective phrases and how they are licensed by the information in the head daughter (HEAD, VFORM, and COMPS).
 
[http://141.2.159.95:7002/wt/ Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background]
 
=== Clauses ===
 
 
 
All clauses have in common that they are phrases and that they must have a content of type ''message'', as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Clause type !! Full name !! Content value !! Examples
|-
| ''decl-clause'' || declarative clause || ''austinian'' || Lilly danced.
|-
| ''inter-clause'' || interrogative clause || ''question''  || Does Lilly dance?, Who danced?
|-
| ''imp-clause'' || imperative clause || ''outcome'' || Dance!
|-
| ''excl-clause'' || exclamative clause || ''fact'' ||What a cat!, Is Lilly smart!
|-
|}
 
== Head-Complement Phrases ==
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
<!--
==== The part of speech ''v'' ====
 
''v'' is the part of speech of all verbs and auxiliaries, including the infinitive marker ''to''. 
 
The table below is to be interpreted as follows. In the leftmost column, we find parts of speech. The top-to-bottom order represents the immediate subtype relationship, i.e. ''verbal'' is an immediate subtype of ''subst'', ''verb'' is an immediate subtype of ''verbal'', and ''v'' is an immediate subtype of ''verb''.
 
The second column lists the features introduced by each part of speech, followed in the third column by the value type of the feature, and finally a short statement of the function of the feature in distinguishing different subgroups of the part(s) of speech under discussion.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Part of speech !! Feature !! Value type!! Function of the feature
|-
| ''subst'' || PRED || ''boolean'' || Is the expression predicative or not?
|-
|  || MOD || ''mod-synsem'' || Can the expression modify and if yes, what kind of ''synsem''?
|-
| ''verbal'' || VFORM || ''vform'' || What is the verb's verb form?
|-
|  || IC || ''boolean'' || Is the expression (the head of) an independent clause?
|-
| ''verb'' || AUX || ''boolean'' || Is the expression (the head of) an auxiliary construction?
|-
|  || POL || ''boolean'' || Is the verb a polarized auxiliary (''not'', ''TOO'', ''so'')?
|-
|  || INV || ''boolean'' || Is the expression an inverted auxiliary (construction)?
|-
| ''v'' ||  ||  ||
|-
|}
 
Let us now ask what this means for expressions of part of speech ''v''. ''v'' itself does not introduce any features, but since every ''v'' is also a ''verb'', a ''verbal'', and a ''subset'', an expression of part of speech ''v'' has all the features introduced by its supertypes and the corresponding values:
 
[''v''
 
[PRED  ''boolean'']
 
[MOD    ''mod-synsem'']
 
[VFORM  ''vform'']
 
[AUX ''boolean'']
 
[POL ''boolean'']
 
[INV ''boolean'']]<br>
 
<span style="color: red>Task:</span> go to [http://141.2.159.95:7001/wt/ the online grammar] and parse the following words in order to see the values for their head features:
 
a. ''like, likes, liked, liking''
 
Note that those verb forms which can serve as the complement of the verb ''be'' (the passive ''liked'' and the progressive ''liking'') are [PRED plus], whereas all the remaining forms are [PRED minus]. Also, all main verbs are [AUX ''minus''], from which it follows that they cannot occur in auxiliary constructions.
 
b. ''does''
 
The forms of the unstressed auxiliary ''do'' are the only words of English which are restricted to occurring in auxiliary constructions. Thus, they are all marked [AUX ''plus'']. Note that all the forms of the auxiliary ''do'' are finite.
 
You get two solutions when you parse ''does'', one which is [POL ''minus''] and a second one which is [POL ''plus'']. You will notice that this contrast goes along with a difference in COMPs lists of the two verbs. The non-polarized verb has a single complement, namely a VP, whereas the polarized word selects an additional complement, namely a polarized adverb (one of the words ''not'', ''TOO'', or ''so'').
 
c. ''will''
 
This is a typical modal verb. Like the other modals, it has only finite forms. Again you get two solutions, a polarized and a non-polarized one. An intriguing difference between ''will'' and the unstressed ''do'' discussed above, is that ''will'' can occur in auxiliary constructions (and then is [AUX ''plus'']), but it can also occur in constructions where main verbs can occur as well (and then, like the main verbs, will be [AUX ''minus'']. In order to be compatible with both values of the feature AUX, ''will'', it takes the neutral value [AUX ''boolean''] in its lexical entry. All verbs that can appear in auxiliary constructions except for the forms of the unstressed ''do'' behave like ''will''.
     
 
 
 
 
 
=== The Argument Realization Principle (ARP) ===
 
Recall that in GS the syntactic arguments of a word are in a sense represented twice: once on the ARG-ST (argument structure) list which, among others, is used for Binding Theory, and again on one of the valence lists SUBJ, SPR, and COMPS.  Rather than being arbitrary, the relationship between the ARG-S and the valence lists is governed by the '''Argument Realization Principle''':
 
[[File:GS-p23-nr7.jpg]]<br>
 
In words, the principle says that the ARG-ST list is the result of merging the three valence lists into one list, with the elements of the SUBJ list coming first, followed by the elements on the SPR list, followed, finally, by the elements on the COMPS list.
 
Besides the ARP, the valence properties of words depend on their part of speech. Thus, all words of part of speech ''v'' must have a SUBJ list with exactly one element on it and a SPR list which is empty. In combination with the ARP, verbs of part of speech ''v'' thus must have the following properties:
 
# The ARG-ST must have at least one element on it.
# The first element of the ARG-ST is also the single element on the SUBJ list.
# If there are additional elements on the ARG-ST, then these elements also occur on the COMPS list.
# The elements which appear both on the ARG-ST and the COMPS list, appear in the same order on both lists.
 
The following [[Exercises_on_the_Append_relation|<span style="color: red>Exercises on the  ''append'' relation</span>]] have the purpose of showing that the 4 statements above must be true.
 
[[Exercises_on_the_Argument_Realization_Principle|<span style="color: red>Exercises on the Argument Realization Principle</span>]]
 
-->
 
<br>
<br>
<div align="center">
  [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2| &uarr; Main page]]  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_1| &uarr; Week 1]]  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  [[Constraint-based_Syntax_2:_Week_3| &rarr; Week 3]]
</div>
 
</font>

Revision as of 12:40, 25 April 2017

Maximal phrase types

In Week 1, the following 3 phrase types were introduced: hd-subj-ph, hd-spr-ph, and hd-comp-ph.

Head-Specifier Phrases

Exercise: parse the 3 expressions cat, a, and a cat in order to see how the valence features of the noun drive the formation of the hd-spr-ph the cat.

Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background

For the moment, there is little more to say about head-specifier phrases.

Clauses and non-clauses

Following traditional grammar, GS make use of the concept of clauses, i.e. declarative clauses, interrogative clauses, etc. All clauses are phrases, but there are of course non-clausal phrases as well, for instance, VPs, NPs, APs, and PPs. In order to license these non-clausal phrases, GS postulate the following subtypes of hd-comp-ph, to which we have added the subtype sbjn-vp to license subjunctive VPs:

Subtype Full name Example
fin-vp Finite verb phrase snores, likes Fido
sbjn-vp Subjunctive verb phrase dance, smile
nf-hc-ph Non-finite head-complement phrase dancing, depended on Fido, afraid of Fido, picture of Lilly
cp-ph Complementizer phrase that Lilly danced, for Lilly to like Fido

Exercise: parse all of the examples above and examine the structure of the respective phrases and how they are licensed by the information in the head daughter (HEAD, VFORM, and COMPS).

Online Grammar for Chapter 2: HPSG Background

Clauses

All clauses have in common that they are phrases and that they must have a content of type message, as follows:

Clause type Full name Content value Examples
decl-clause declarative clause austinian Lilly danced.
inter-clause interrogative clause question Does Lilly dance?, Who danced?
imp-clause imperative clause outcome Dance!
excl-clause exclamative clause fact What a cat!, Is Lilly smart!

Head-Complement Phrases



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