Particles

Particles usually have the same form as prepositions

Examples: call sth. off, look sth. up

Characteristics:

• Particles combine with certain verbs to form non-predictable and mainly idiomatic particle verbs.
• They contrast with prepositions in that they are more flexible:
  • 'V Part NP' and 'V NP Part' are both possible (The umpire called off the game., The umpire called the game off)
  • For prepositions, only 'V P NP' is possible (The teacher fell off the chair, *The teacher fell the chair off.)
  • When the NP is a pronoun, only 'V Pron Part' is possible (The umpire called it off/ *off it.). This ordering is excluded for prepositions (*'V Pron P', *The teacher fell it off.)

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